It is the tenet of quantum mechanics that Einstein rejected as “spooky action at a distance”: if two particles are entangled, then any tinkering with one can cause an instantaneous change in the other – no matter how far apart they may be. But what if quantum mechanics is not quite right – that the change is not instantaneous but instead prompted by a signal transmitted between the two entangled particles? Now an experiment in Switzerland has shown that if such a signal does exist, then it would have to travel at least at the speed of light, and probably thousands of times faster.
It is the tenet of quantum mechanics that Einstein rejected as “spooky action at a distance”: if two particles are entangled, then any tinkering with one can cause an instantaneous change in the other – no matter how far apart they may be. But what if quantum mechanics is not quite right – that the change is not instantaneous but instead prompted by a signal transmitted between the two entangled particles? Now an experiment in Switzerland has shown that if such a signal does exist, then it would have to travel at least at the speed of light, and probably thousands of times faster.
In relativistic mechanics the time-like vector characterize the motion in spacetime with speed faster than the speed of light in vacuum c in which the line element ds2=c2dt2-dx2-dx2-dz2 is less than zero (where is infinitesimal change in time, and are infinitesimal change in space), thus the time in relativistic mechanics can instantaneously flow [1], however in quantum mechanics although the time is treated as unobservable parameter (without any Hermitian observable operator have engine-value equivalent to time) any two physical quantity described by two non-commuting observable operatorsand fulfill , the knowledge of one immediately produce the knowledge of the other [2], thus in quantum mechanics if two particles interacted in finite temporal epoch and then separated in space the gaining of knowledge by the local measurement of physical quantity runs on one them (for example the measurement of spin direction of one particle using Stern-Gerlach experiment) immediately produce the knowledge of the complementary physical quantity of the other particle (for example the opposite spin direction of the other particle), this simply called quantum entanglement the concept that so much advanced after publication of the Jon Bell’s 1964 celebrated paper [3] in which he illustrated that we can add parameters to quantum mechanics to determine the results of individual measurements, without changing the statistical predictions, and then he conclude “there must be a mechanism whereby the setting of one measuring device can influence the reading of another instrument, however remote. Moreover, the signal involved must propagate instantaneously so that such a theory could not be Lorentz invariant”. The question now what these signals that can propagate instantaneously? The answer in this paper will be the time signals field which is defined for each constituent matter particle M and at each space point P as the measure of the total length of all occupation and leaving epochs of P by M which is representing a sequence function compactly supported only at the space point occupied by it and indexed by the number of occupation epochs of P by M, thus the flow of this time signal field from the far future to near future through the present to the near past to the far past inferable by the flow of matter particles constituting the system(such as sun, moon earth and clocks hands). Thus the present will represent in this paper a local absolute feature of time signals field defined at each space point as the set of all occupation epochs of it by matter particle, however the past and future will represent relativistic non-local features of the time signal field defined at each space point as a set of all leaving epochs between each two sequential occupation epochs, so the future after one occupation epoch is representing a past of the next one. Thus according to current representation of time, the two Mc-Taggard’s A and B series of time [4] will exist together as temporal set and then the time is real, the A-series in current theory is a set of all occupation and leaving epochs of space point by the matter particle that is consisting of the present, past and future epochs, and the B-series is the set of all leaving epochs of space points between each two sequential occupation epochs which are taking position before or after the discrete occupation epochs between them and then before or after each other.
Information is carried by matter or by energy and thus Einstein stated that “no information can travel faster than light.” He also was very critical to the “Spooky action at distance” as described in Quantum Physics. However, many verified experiments have proven that the ”Spooky actions” not only work at distance but also that they travel at a velocity faster than light, probably at infinite velocity. Examples are Young’s fringes at low light levels or entanglements. My explanation is that this information is without energy. In the following I will refer to this spooky information as exformation, where “ex‐“ refers to existence, the information is not transported in any way, it simply exists. Thus Einstein might have been wrong when he stated that no information can travel faster than light. But he was right in that no detectable information can travel faster than light. Phenomena connected to entanglement appear at first to be exceptions, but in those cases the information can not be reconstructed until energy is later sent in the form of correlation using ordinary information at the velocity of light. In entanglement we see that even if the exformation can not be detected directly because its luck of energy it still can influence what happens at random, because in Quantum Physics there is by definition no energy difference between two states that happen randomly.
Quantum entanglement is popularly believed to give rise to spooky action at a distance of a kind that Einstein decisively rejected. Indeed, important recent experiments on systems assigned entangled states have been claimed to refute Einstein by exhibiting such spooky action. After reviewing two considerations in favor of this view I argue that quantum theory can be used to explain puzzling correlations correctly predicted by assignment of entangled quantum states with no such instantaneous action at a distance. We owe both considerations in favor of the view to arguments of John Bell. I present simplified forms of these arguments as well as a game that provides insight into the situation. The argument I give in response turns on a prescriptive view of quantum states that differs both from Dirac’s (as stated in Chapter 2) and Einstein’s.
Present understanding of non-possibility of Quantum communication rests on analysis of possibility of signalling within a Quantum system. Is it possible to achieve signalling by a setup where the system is changed from one to another where the act of change serves as the signal and the change in the measurement probabilities would be detected and deciphered at the receiver end? A proposal is made where a variant of Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser experiment setup of Kim et al is used to achieve the same. The setup is also designed such that the speed of communication can be faster than light. NonLocality and Quantum communication Nonlocality is a feature of Quantum Mechanics that has been firmly established through experiments [Aspect et al, 1981] and well accepted now. Entangled particles separated by a distance still are part of one entity and when that entity changes state by a measurement in one part of it the change happens instantaneously across the domain the entity pervades. Is it possible to use this instantaneous state change to transmit information across at high speeds, faster than light (FTL)? This issue has been dealt with from the time the Einstein raised the EPR paradox [Einstein et al,1935] and has been claimed to be impossible and shown to be so by Peres, [Peres and Tenko, 2004] through the no-communication theorem which shows that any amount of signalling by Alice through measurements done at one end of the quantum system would not be sufficient for Bob to detect and decipher at the other end of the system. However the discussions in literature (as above) always deal with information transfer within a stable quantum system by making measurements at one end and analysing the possibility of detecting it at the other end. Peres and Tenko analyse a Quantum System S of mixed-state where Alice and Bob make measurements at their ends of the system. The authors derive the probability that Bob’s outcome is ν as
Since his famous discussions with Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein considered quantum entanglement (QE) as a spooky action at a distance, due to the violation of locality necessary so that two entangled particles can share this effect in an instantaneous way despite of being at a great distance from each other, i.e., not being local. In other words, a notification about the change of state in one of them could only cover the space that separates them at a speed superior to that of light, which we know is impossible according to the Theory of Relativity (TR). Besides, QE faces directly the two main pillars of Physics: TR and Quantum Theory (QT); becoming the bone of contention between both theories. Quite the contrary, in this work we will see that QE is the meeting point of both theories, so much so, that QE could be considered as the cornerstone of the Theory of Everything (TOE). Consistent with this, the entangled particles retain certain autonomy unknown to date, and in addition, they will have relativistically entangled alter-egos, which will hold the effect even when the original entangled particles are extremely separated from each other. These alter-egos can be considered as black holes (with their corresponding temperature and entropy) giving rise to a wormhole. This is possible since the locality dilates according to the Lorentz factor, which is accompanied by a contraction in the effective channel and in the temporal delay to cross that channel. All this takes place while space-time is curved (hyperspace) to generate the wormhole between both black holes. In other words, QE is a local effect of infinite range so it does not outpace the speed of light, and therefore QT is a complete theory that does not clash with TR. Finally, everything we have said has direct consequences on the link between entangled particles from the point of view of quantum communications in terms of the channel and its bandwidth, latency, capacity, robustness and security.