Information is carried by matter or by energy and thus Einstein stated that “no information can travel faster than light.” He also was very critical to the “Spooky action at distance” as described in Quantum Physics. However, many verified experiments have proven that the ”Spooky actions” not only work at distance but also that they travel at a velocity faster than light, probably at infinite velocity. Examples are Young’s fringes at low light levels or entanglements. My explanation is that this information is without energy. In the following I will refer to this spooky information as exformation, where “ex‐“ refers to existence, the information is not transported in any way, it simply exists. Thus Einstein might have been wrong when he stated that no information can travel faster than light. But he was right in that no detectable information can travel faster than light. Phenomena connected to entanglement appear at first to be exceptions, but in those cases the information can not be reconstructed until energy is later sent in the form of correlation using ordinary information at the velocity of light. In entanglement we see that even if the exformation can not be detected directly because its luck of energy it still can influence what happens at random, because in Quantum Physics there is by definition no energy difference between two states that happen randomly.
Information is carried by matter or by energy and thus Einstein stated that “no information can travel faster than light.” He also was very critical to the “Spooky action at distance” as described in Quantum Physics. However, many verified experiments have proven that the ”Spooky actions” not only work at distance but also that they travel at a velocity faster than light, probably at infinite velocity. Examples are Young’s fringes at low light levels or entanglements. My explanation is that this information is without energy. In the following I will refer to this spooky information as exformation, where “ex‐“ refers to existence, the information is not transported in any way, it simply exists. Thus Einstein might have been wrong when he stated that no information can travel faster than light. But he was right in that no detectable information can travel faster than light. Phenomena connected to entanglement appear at first to be exceptions, but in those cases the information can not be reconstructed until energy is later sent in the form of correlation using ordinary information at the velocity of light. In entanglement we see that even if the exformation can not be detected directly because its luck of energy it still can influence what happens at random, because in Quantum Physics there is by definition no energy difference between two states that happen randomly.
It is the tenet of quantum mechanics that Einstein rejected as “spooky action at a distance”: if two particles are entangled, then any tinkering with one can cause an instantaneous change in the other – no matter how far apart they may be. But what if quantum mechanics is not quite right – that the change is not instantaneous but instead prompted by a signal transmitted between the two entangled particles? Now an experiment in Switzerland has shown that if such a signal does exist, then it would have to travel at least at the speed of light, and probably thousands of times faster.
“Quantum entanglement” is a well-known phenomenon in quantum physics that refers to the ability of widely separated, subatomic objects to be mysteriously connected by sharing a common condition or state. Albert Einstein famously called quantum entanglement “spooky action at a distance.” In “Quantum Entanglement” (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, Penguin Random House, 2020), author Jed Brody says, “Two particles are entangled if the measurement of one of them, for all practical purposes, instantly affects the other particle over any distance.” We will discuss a connection between random events that, although not on the quantum level, resemble quantum entanglement in some ways. We metaphorically call this connection “random entanglement.”
I feel compelled to respond to the frequent references to spooky action at a distance that often accompany reports of experiments investigating entangled quantum mechanical states. Most, but not all, of these articles have appeared in the popular press. As an experimentalist I have great admiration for such experiments and the concomitant advances in quantum information and quantum computing, but accompanying claims of action at a distance are quite simply nonsense. Some physicists and philosophers of science have bought into the story by promoting the nonlocal nature of quantum mechanics. In 1964, John Bell proved that classical hidden variable theories cannot reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics unless they employ some type of action at a distance. I have no problem with this conclusion. Unfortunately, Bell later expanded his analysis and mistakenly deduced that quantum mechanics and by implication nature herself are nonlocal. In addition, some of these articles present Einstein in caricature, a tragic figure who neither understood quantum mechanics nor believed it to be an accurate theory of nature. Consequently, the current experiments have proven him wrong. This is also nonsense.
Two statements in physics are frequently conflated: that nothing can travel faster than light, and that two entangled particles behave as if "instantaneously" connected regardless of their separation. This paper addresses both questions together: whether a faster-than-light particle could exist and, if so, whether it would count as matter; and whether quantum entanglement actually violates the light-speed limit. Starting from the energy–velocity relation of special relativity, it is shown that massive particles cannot reach the speed of light, and the properties of hypothetical tachyons (imaginary mass, absence of a rest frame and violation of causality) are examined. Using the singlet state, the non-separability, reduced state and correlation properties of entanglement are derived, and the quantum violation of the CHSH inequality up to 2√2 is computed. Finally, via the no-signaling theorem, it is shown that entanglement produces non-local correlations without permitting superluminal communication. In conclusion, nature accommodates non-local correlations without allowing any object to travel faster than light.
Abstract Einstein introduced quantum entanglement in 1935 and referred to it as “spooky actions at a distance” because it seemed to conflict with his theory of special relativity. Today, some refer to it as “the greatest mystery in physics,” and the 2022 Physics Nobel Prize was even awarded for experimental confirmation of the “spookiness.” While the mystery is experimentally well established, its solution remains elusive because it is commonly believed that quantum entanglement entails one or more of the following: In this book, a rigorous solution to the mystery of quantum entanglement is provided that entails none of those things. The key to this seemingly impossible feat is—to use Einstein’s own language—a “principle” explanation that foregoes the need for any “constructive” explanation of quantum entanglement, such as those listed above. Ironically, the proposed principle explanation is Einstein’s own relativity principle as grounded in quantum information theory. So, contrary to popular belief, quantum mechanics and special relativity are far from inconsistent, as both are a consequence of the exact same relativity principle.
In everyday life, in smartphones, we use electromagnetic waves for telecommunication. These waves propagate at the velocity of light. Is telecommunication at superluminal velocity (at ) possible? Einstein (1907) wrote that no action can travel faster than light, as such action would imply a causality violation. However, quantum physics includes actions that travel faster than light, see e. g. Einstein, Podolski and Rosen (1935). Accordingly, Einstein (1948) named such actions (at ) ‘spukhafte Fernwirkung’ or ‘spooky action at a distance’. But Aspect, Grangier and Roger (1982) provided such action at in experiments with pairs of entangled photons. While this experiment demonstrates the seeming transfer of information at , delayed-choice experiments do additionally demonstrate the seeming transport of energy and matter at , see Jaques (2008) and Manning et al. (2015). Do these actions at violate the principle of causality? Does quantum gravity escape causality violation, as Hobson, Efstathiou and Lasenby hope (2006, p. 346)? Can such action at be used in telecommunications and quantum computers? These questions are answered with help of the dynamics of volume in nature, the volume dynamics, VD, see Carmesin (2023a). The VD bridge general relativity and quantum physics. For these results, we provide a learning process, so that you can directly use the concept in your courses. The learning process has been tested in various learning groups, and experiences are reported.