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Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Hyperfine Structure Measurement of Rubidium Atom and Tunable Diode Laser Stabilization by Using Sagnac Interferometer

Jin‐Tae Kim, Zhen Liu, Venedict A. Kapitanov, Hyun Su Kim, Jong Rak Park, Si‐Hyun Park

Published Nov 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Rubidium saturated absorption spectra for D 2 transition lines are used to measure the Fabry-Perot interferometer free spectral range (FSR). The scale linearity of the laser frequency tuning is determined. The Sagnac interferometer has been used for the laser stabilization. The result shows that the laser frequency is stabilized upto sub-mega Herz level. Also the hyperfine structure [5 2 S 1/2 F = 3 → F′ = 2, 3, 4 5 2 P 3/2 85 Rb] of the rubidium atom has been measured by using the tilt locking method, which shows the same result as the conventional saturation spectroscopy.

DOI
10.1166/jnn.2006.17982

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The Rubidium saturated absorption spectra for D 2 transition lines are used to measure the Fabry-Perot interferometer free spectral range (FSR). The scale linearity of the laser frequency tuning is determined. The Sagnac interferometer has been used for the laser stabilization. The result shows that the laser frequency is stabilized upto sub-mega Herz level. Also the hyperfine structure [5 2 S 1/2 F = 3 → F′ = 2, 3, 4 5 2 P 3/2 85 Rb] of the rubidium atom has been measured by using the tilt locking method, which shows the same result as the conventional saturation spectroscopy.
The goal of this experiment was to measure the hyperfine energy splittings of the ground to first excited state transitions in rubidium using saturated absorption spectroscopy. Using this technique, we measured these transition energy spectra by taking the difference of two photodiode outputs due to multiple beams of a single laser scanned over a range of frequencies and shone through a cell of Rb vapor. When the laser frequency was resonant with an atomic transition, photons of those frequencies were absorbed, leaving a dip in intensity of the beam measured at the photodiode. One of the two laser beams had its excitations saturated by a more intense, counter-propagating pump beam from the same laser. The pump beam saturated the absorption of the velocity equal zero atoms that the counter-propagating probe beam could have also interacted with due to no Doppler shift. At these frequencies the probe beam experienced less absorption that was measured by a photodiode. The photodiode output was calibrated to the change in frequency of the scanned laser using a Fabry-Pérot interferometer. The output of this interferometer served as a reference for how the laser frequency changed. Final results for the 87Rb F=1 spectrum accounted for the largest error with a maximum of 12.2% deviation from accepted energy spacing values due in part to systematic error. Other spectra measurements were in better agreement, possessing error ranging from 2.1% to 10.1% and some agreeing with accepted values to within our uncertainty.
We demonstrate a technique for directly measuring the fine-structure interval in alkali atoms using two frequency-stabilized diode lasers. Each laser has a linewidth of order 1 MHz and precise tunability: one laser is tuned to a hyperfine transition in the D1 line, and the other laser to a hyperfine transition in the D2 line. The outputs of the lasers are fed into a scanning Michelson interferometer that measures the ratio of their wavelengths accurately. To illustrate the technique, we measure the fine-structure interval in Rb, and obtain a value of 237.6000(3)(5) cm−1 for the hyperfine-free 5P3/2–5P1/2 interval.
Frequency-modulation (FM) spectroscopy has been performed on the D(2) transitions of rubidium atoms with an AlGaAs diode laser at 780 nm. Doppler-broadened hyperfine-structure transitions of (85)Rb and (87)Rb were resolved with no residual amplitude-modulation-induced background signal by modulating the injection current of the laser diode at a low frequency (20-50 MHz) compared with the Doppler width. To obtain Doppler-free spectra, we combined FM spectroscopy with saturation spectroscopy. The results show that the FM spectroscopy technique is sensitive and should be useful for high-resolution spectroscopy, although the resolution was instrument limited and unusual double peaks were observed.
The advancement of cold atom gravimeters (CAG) is based on the precise control and stabilization of lasers used for the atom interferometry.The 5S → 5P transition in rubidium (Rb) at 780.241 nm is crucial for such quantum technology applications.In this study, the hyperfine structure of 5 2 S1/2 → 5 2 P3/2, D2 transition line of 87 Rb atoms obtained through saturation absorption spectroscopy, are used as a reference for the frequency stabilization of an external cavity diode laser (ECDL) operating at 780 nm.The ECDL is locked to the hyperfine saturated absorption peak of 87 Rb (F = 2 → 3').This laser beam is combined with another 780 nm ECDL laser to obtain the beat frequency spectrum, generating a beat note signal of ~ 6.8 GHz, which is needed for phase stabilization between lasers.These are critical for the Raman beam generation in the CAG, as the 87 Rb atoms ground hyperfine states (F = 1 and F = 2) have separation of ~ 6.834 GHz, and two Raman beams with an 6.8 GHz offset can drive transitions between these hyperfine states of 87 Rb to realize the CAG interferometry scheme.
A frequency-doubled diode laser spectrometer in the blue-wavelength region with a continuous-frequency tuning range of up to ∼7 GHz has been developed, comprising a powerful fundamental light source based on a master/slave laser combination coupled with a KNbO3 crystal for second-harmonic generation in a power-enhancement cavity. It has been employed for the observation of saturated absorption spectra in 52S1/2–62P1/2 hyperfine transitions of atomic rubidium with the aid of a modulation transfer spectroscopic technique, and also the frequency stabilization to one of them has been demonstrated, suggesting the possibility of the establishment of a precision optical frequency marker in the blue range. A relative stability of better than 2.8×10−10 is estimated based on the locked error signal in the preliminary stabilization. With a further study of the frequency instability and uncertainty, in addition to supplementary improvements of apparatus, one may expect a realization of a stabilized laser in the blue-spectral domain. Details of the developed blue-light source are described and the demonstrated results of the rubidium spectroscopy are also described and discussed.
In this paper, we describe two complementary nonlinear spectroscopy methods which both allow one to achieve Doppler-free spectra of atomic gases. First, saturated absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the structure of the 5S 1/2 → 5P 3/2 transition in rubidium. Using a slightly modified experimental setup, Doppler-free two-photon absorption spectroscopy is then performed on the 5S 1/2 → 5D 5/2 transition in rubidium, leading to accurate measurements of the hyperfine structure of the 5D 5/2 energy level. In addition, electric dipole selection rules of the two-photon transition are investigated, first by modifying the polarization of the excitation laser, and then by measuring two-photon absorption spectra when a magnetic field is applied close to the rubidium vapour. All experiments are performed with the same grating-feedback laser diode, providing an opportunity to compare different high-resolution spectroscopy methods using a single experimental setup. Such experiments may acquaint students with quantum mechanics selection rules, atomic spectra and Zeeman effect.