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Orientational Dependence of Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance Signals in Laser-Driven Atomic Magnetometers

Simone Colombo, Vladimir Dolgovskiy, Theo Scholtes, Z. D. Grujić, Victor Lebedev, Antoine Weis

Published Jan 1, 2018• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We have investigated the dependence of lock-in-demodulated $$ {M}_x $$ M x -magnetometer signals on the orientation of the static magnetic field $$ {\mathbf{B}}_0 $$ B 0 of interest. Magnetic resonance spectra for 2400 discrete orientations of $$ {\mathbf{B}}_0 $$ B 0 covering a $$ 4\pi $$ 4 π solid angle have been recorded by a PC-controlled steering and data acquisition system. Off-line fits by previously derived lineshape functions allow us to extract the relevant resonance parameters (shape, amplitude, width, and phase) and to represent their dependence on the orientation of $$ {\mathbf{B}}_0 $$ B 0 with respect to the laser beam propagation direction. We have performed this study for two distinct $$ {M}_x $$ M x -magnetometer configurations, in which the rf-field is either parallel or perpendicular to the light propagation direction. The results confirm well the algebraic theoretical model functions. We suggest that small discrepancies are related to hitherto uninvestigated atomic alignment contributions.

DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-64346-5_17

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Abstract We have investigated the dependence of lock-in-demodulated Mx{M}_xMx​ M x -magnetometer signals on the orientation of the static magnetic field B0{\mathbf{B}}_0B0​ B 0 of interest. Magnetic resonance spectra for 2400 discrete orientations of B0{\mathbf{B}}_0B0​ B 0 covering a 4π4\pi4π 4 π solid angle have been recorded by a PC-controlled steering and data acquisition system. Off-line fits by previously derived lineshape functions allow us to extract the relevant resonance parameters (shape, amplitude, width, and phase) and to represent their dependence on the orientation of B0{\mathbf{B}}_0B0​ B 0 with respect to the laser beam propagation direction. We have performed this study for two distinct Mx{M}_xMx​ M x -magnetometer configurations, in which the rf-field is either parallel or perpendicular to the light propagation direction. The results confirm well the algebraic theoretical model functions. We suggest that small discrepancies are related to hitherto uninvestigated atomic alignment contributions.
We have investigated the dependence of lock-in-demodulated MxM_xMx​ -magnetometer signals on the orientation of the static magnetic field B0\mathbf {B}_{0}B0​ of interest. Magnetic resonance spectra for 2400 discrete orientations of B0\mathbf {B}_{0}B0​ covering a 4π4\pi4π solid angle have been recorded by a PC-controlled steering and data acquisition system. Off-line fits by previously derived lineshape functions allow us to extract the relevant resonance parameters (shape, amplitude, width, and phase) and to represent their dependence on the orientation of B0\mathbf {B}_{0}B0​ with respect to the laser beam propagation direction. We have performed this study for two distinct MxM_xMx​ -magnetometer configurations, in which the rf-field is either parallel or perpendicular to the light propagation direction. The results confirm well the algebraic theoretical model functions. We suggest that small discrepancies are related to hitherto uninvestigated atomic alignment contributions.
Double-resonance optically pumped magnetometry can be used to measure static magnetic fields with high sensitivity by detecting a resonant atomic spin response to a small oscillating field perturbation. Determination of the resonant frequency yields a scalar measurement of static field (B0)({B}_{0})(B0​) magnitude. We present calculations and experimental data showing that the on-resonance polarimeter signal of light transmitted through an atomic vapor in arbitrarily oriented B0{B}_{0}B0​ may be modeled by considering the evolution of alignment terms in atomic polarization. We observe that the amplitude and phase of the magnetometer signal are highly dependent upon B0{B}_{0}B0​ orientation and present precise measurements of the distribution of these parameters over the full $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ solid angle.
Abstract We investigate the phase relationship between the oscillating (rf) excitation field and the detected (light) power modulation in scalar rf-driven optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs), in particular in the MxM_{x}Mx​ M x configuration. While the static dependence of the demodulation phase on the direction of the external static magnetic field vector can be largely mitigated by aligning the oscillating rf field along the light propagation direction, we demonstrate that a dynamic (transient) phase response arises under magnetic field tilts. We analytically solve the corresponding modified Bloch equation and confirm agreement with experimental observations obtained using an MxM_{x}Mx​ M x magnetometer incorporating a paraffin-coated Cs vapor cell. The results reveal fundamental limitations of MxM_{x}Mx​ M x magnetometers regarding response time and accuracy, in particular when employed with active electronic feedback, such as a phase-locked loop. Therefore, this work is highly relevant to important magnetometry applications where the direction of the quasi-static magnetic field of interest is unknown a priori or varies over time, or in measurements requiring a large detection bandwidth. Such conditions are encountered in applications such as geomagnetic surveying, particularly with mobile platforms.
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Our magnetometry development is focussed on compact, portable sensors for geophysical field measurements. In order to develop practical sensors with minimised size and power requirements, single-beam double-resonance magnetometry is used, avoiding any requirement for extensive optical hardware or full-field compensation. Magnetic resonance in atomic polarisation is detected using a polarimeter to measure optical rotation in transmitted pump light, allowing rejection of common-mode optical noise. The application of this technique to unshielded geophysical field measurements requires detailed understanding of systematic effects arising in arbitrary orientations of the static field B0. We report the development and calibration of a test system for double resonance measurements in generated static fields of well-controlled magnitude and orientation, including systems for automated B0 control and software generated modulation/demodulation [1]. The sensitivity of these devices depends on signal amplitude, phase and RF broadening, all of which vary with B0 orientation. By working in a low-field, weak-pumping regime, we obtain experimental measurements of anisotropy in these parameters, in agreement with theoretically derived distributions [2]. We comment on the importance of measurement mode and signal demodulation in optimising double-resonance sensitivity and bandwidth, and the suitability of these techniques for compact, portable magnetometers. This work is supported by the UK Quantum Technology Hub in Sensors and Metrology [3].
In recent years diode laser sources have become widespread and reliable tools in magneto-optical spectroscopy. In particular, laser-driven atomic magnetometers have found a wide range of practical applications. More recently, so-called magnetically silent variants of atomic magnetometers have been developed. While in conventional magnetometers the magnetic resonance transitions between atomic sublevels are phase-coherently driven by a weak oscillating magnetic field, silent magnetometers use schemes in which either the frequency or the amplitude of the light beam is modulated. Here we present a theoretical model that yields algebraic expressions for the parameters of the multiple resonances that occur when either amplitude-, frequency-, or polarization-modulated light of circular polarization is used to drive the magnetic resonance transition in a transverse magnetic field. The relative magnitudes of the resonances that are observed in the transmitted light intensity at harmonic mmm of the Larmor frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ (either by DC or phase sensitive detection at harmonics qqq of the modulation frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{mod}}$) of the transmitted light are expressed in terms of the Fourier coefficients of the modulation function. Our approach is based on an atomic multipole moment representation that is valid for spin-oriented atomic states with arbitrary angular momentum FFF in the low light power limit. We find excellent quantitative agreement with an experimental case study using (square-wave) amplitude-modulated light.