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arXiv:1707.04418 · Physical Review A

Orientational effects on the amplitude and phase of polarimeter signals in double-resonance atomic magnetometry

Stuart J. Ingleby, Carolyn O’Dwyer, Paul F. Griffin, Aidan S. Arnold, Erling Riis

Published Jul 28, 2017• 24 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Double-resonance optically pumped magnetometry can be used to measure static magnetic fields with high sensitivity by detecting a resonant atomic spin response to a small oscillating field perturbation. Determination of the resonant frequency yields a scalar measurement of static field $({B}_{0})$ magnitude. We present calculations and experimental data showing that the on-resonance polarimeter signal of light transmitted through an atomic vapor in arbitrarily oriented ${B}_{0}$ may be modeled by considering the evolution of alignment terms in atomic polarization. We observe that the amplitude and phase of the magnetometer signal are highly dependent upon ${B}_{0}$ orientation and present precise measurements of the distribution of these parameters over the full $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ solid angle.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.96.013429

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Double-resonance optically pumped magnetometry can be used to measure static magnetic fields with high sensitivity by detecting a resonant atomic spin response to a small oscillating field perturbation. Determination of the resonant frequency yields a scalar measurement of static field (B0)({B}_{0})(B0​) magnitude. We present calculations and experimental data showing that the on-resonance polarimeter signal of light transmitted through an atomic vapor in arbitrarily oriented B0{B}_{0}B0​ may be modeled by considering the evolution of alignment terms in atomic polarization. We observe that the amplitude and phase of the magnetometer signal are highly dependent upon B0{B}_{0}B0​ orientation and present precise measurements of the distribution of these parameters over the full 4\ensuremathπ4\ensuremath{\pi}4\ensuremathπ solid angle.
Abstract We have investigated the dependence of lock-in-demodulated Mx {M}_x Mx​ M x -magnetometer signals on the orientation of the static magnetic field B0 {\mathbf{B}}_0 B0​ B 0 of interest. Magnetic resonance spectra for 2400 discrete orientations of B0 {\mathbf{B}}_0 B0​ B 0 covering a 4π 4\pi 4π 4 π solid angle have been recorded by a PC-controlled steering and data acquisition system. Off-line fits by previously derived lineshape functions allow us to extract the relevant resonance parameters (shape, amplitude, width, and phase) and to represent their dependence on the orientation of B0 {\mathbf{B}}_0 B0​ B 0 with respect to the laser beam propagation direction. We have performed this study for two distinct Mx {M}_x Mx​ M x -magnetometer configurations, in which the rf-field is either parallel or perpendicular to the light propagation direction. The results confirm well the algebraic theoretical model functions. We suggest that small discrepancies are related to hitherto uninvestigated atomic alignment contributions.
Our magnetometry development is focussed on compact, portable sensors for geophysical field measurements. In order to develop practical sensors with minimised size and power requirements, single-beam double-resonance magnetometry is used, avoiding any requirement for extensive optical hardware or full-field compensation. Magnetic resonance in atomic polarisation is detected using a polarimeter to measure optical rotation in transmitted pump light, allowing rejection of common-mode optical noise. The application of this technique to unshielded geophysical field measurements requires detailed understanding of systematic effects arising in arbitrary orientations of the static field B0. We report the development and calibration of a test system for double resonance measurements in generated static fields of well-controlled magnitude and orientation, including systems for automated B0 control and software generated modulation/demodulation [1]. The sensitivity of these devices depends on signal amplitude, phase and RF broadening, all of which vary with B0 orientation. By working in a low-field, weak-pumping regime, we obtain experimental measurements of anisotropy in these parameters, in agreement with theoretically derived distributions [2]. We comment on the importance of measurement mode and signal demodulation in optimising double-resonance sensitivity and bandwidth, and the suitability of these techniques for compact, portable magnetometers. This work is supported by the UK Quantum Technology Hub in Sensors and Metrology [3].
We have investigated the dependence of lock-in-demodulated MxM_xMx​ -magnetometer signals on the orientation of the static magnetic field B0\mathbf {B}_{0}B0​ of interest. Magnetic resonance spectra for 2400 discrete orientations of B0\mathbf {B}_{0}B0​ covering a 4π4\pi4π solid angle have been recorded by a PC-controlled steering and data acquisition system. Off-line fits by previously derived lineshape functions allow us to extract the relevant resonance parameters (shape, amplitude, width, and phase) and to represent their dependence on the orientation of B0\mathbf {B}_{0}B0​ with respect to the laser beam propagation direction. We have performed this study for two distinct MxM_xMx​ -magnetometer configurations, in which the rf-field is either parallel or perpendicular to the light propagation direction. The results confirm well the algebraic theoretical model functions. We suggest that small discrepancies are related to hitherto uninvestigated atomic alignment contributions.
In this paper, we present an analysis of the amplitude variations of the opto-magnetic resonance absorption signals obtained in a single-beam magnetometer driven by radially or azimuthally polarized light (RPL/APL). It is shown that optically polarized atoms driven by cylindrical vector beams obtained only the alignment of atomic multipole moments but not the orientation, which is in good agreement with our simulation and experimental results. In comparison with the plane polarized pump light fields, cylindrical vector beams with much more complete electric vector polarization distribution in the transverse plane, make it unlikely to create the "emptying state " (no-atom populated) among the ground-state Zeeman sublevels for any possible orientation of the applied static magnetic field. These characteristics of the RPL/APL lead to generally smaller atomic population difference and lower response intensity of the transmitted signal. The tensor decomposition of atomic polarized states and the evolution of atomic multipole moments with the sweeping radio frequency (RF) field offer the way to show the magnetic orientation sensitivity of the radially or azimuthally polarized probe light, which possess similar profiles as that of the linearly polarized light, only with a constant phase lag of about π/2 and obvious amplitude differences.
Optically pumped magnetometers are important instruments for imaging biological magnetic signals without the need for cryogenic cooling. These magnetometers are presently available in the commercial market and utilize the principles of atomic alignment or orientation, enabling remarkable sensitivity and precision in the measurement of magnetic fields. This research focuses on utilizing a spin-aligned atomic ensemble for magnetometry at zero field. An approach is introduced which involves evaluating how the linear polarization of light rotates as it passes through the atomic vapor to null the magnetic field. Analytical expressions are derived for the resulting spin alignment and photodetection signals. Experimental results are provided, demonstrating good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The sensitivity and bandwidth of the magnetometer are characterized based on the detected polarization rotation signal. Lastly, the practical utility of the magnetometer for medical applications is demonstrated by successfully detecting a synthetic cardiac signal.
We investigate the polarization modulation between two linear orthogonal states of the laser beam that synchronously pumps time-dependent atomic alignment in caesium atoms exposed to a static magnetic field. Because of the atomic alignment symmetry two independent groups of resonances can be distinguished in the transmitted light: when modulation frequency matches either the Larmor frequency or its second harmonics, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ and $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$, respectively. We report on our experiments, and discuss a model that perfectly reproduces the observed spectra. We have observed that the amplitudes and linewidths of resonances at ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ and $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ show magnetic-field direction dependence. This peculiar behavior makes our approach interesting for future application to atomic magnetometry, in view of a dead-zone free high-sensitivity magnetometer.