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Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks

Authority-Based User Authentication And Quantum Key Distribution

Daniel Ljunggren, Mohamed Bourennane, Anders Karlsson

Published Feb 24, 2006• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose secure protocols for user authenticated quantum key distribution. We argue that the use of a trusted authority becomes inevitable in a realistic environment as that of multi-user key distribution. Here, we specifically look at one protocol that use nonorthogonal bases with two-qubit entanglement. As the trusted authority being the only one knowing the correlations of this entanglement he/she can protect an unauthorized user from getting the right key. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

DOI
10.1007/0-306-47114-0_47

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We propose secure protocols for user authenticated quantum key distribution. We argue that the use of a trusted authority becomes inevitable in a realistic environment as that of multi-user key distribution. Here, we specifically look at one protocol that use nonorthogonal bases with two-qubit entanglement. As the trusted authority being the only one knowing the correlations of this entanglement he/she can protect an unauthorized user from getting the right key. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
We propose secure protocols for user authenticated quantum key distribution on jammable public channels between two parties, Alice and Bob. Via an arbitrator, Trent, these protocols provide data integrity and mutual identification of the messenger and recipient. The first three are based on single-photon generation and detection. The first and second require (initially) an unjammable channel between the arbitrator and each party. The third requires one broadcast from the arbitrator, disclosing what type of deterministic modification of the states sent through the quantum channel was done by him. The fourth and fifth protocols are based on two-particle entanglement with a preselection of nonorthogonal superpositions of Bell states. These two protocols also require one broadcast from the arbitrator disclosing the type of entangled state in each sending.
Techniques and tools for implementing protocols for secure multi-party communication after quantum key distribution ("QKD") are described herein. In example implementations, a trusted authority facilitates secure communication between multiple user devices. The trusted authority distributes different quantum keys by QKD under trust relationships with different users. The trusted authority determines combination keys using the quantum keys and makes the combination keys available for distribution (e.g., for non-secret distribution over a public channel). The combination keys facilitate secure communication between two user devices even in the absence of QKD between the two user devices. With the protocols, benefits of QKD are extended to multi-party communication scenarios. In addition, the protocols can retain benefit of QKD even when a trusted authority is offline or a large group seeks to establish secure communication within the group.
Based on the entanglement feature of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, a multi-user quantum key distribution with mutual authentication is proposed. In the protocol, a semi-trusted third party, who may misbehave on its own but will conspire with none of the participants, is introduced to help arbitrary two users on a quantum network to achieve this secure task. Firstly, the third party prepares a three-particle entangled state. Then, he keeps one particle in his hand, and sends two particles to these two users respectively. Meanwhile, a keyed one-way hash function is utilized to generate an authentication message, in terms of which three parties respectively make an appropriate single-particle measurement on the particles in their hands. According to the measurement results, the third party can verify the identity of one user. It implies that one user is able to authenticate the other user with the assistance of the third party. After that, two participants use the remainder measurement results to generate a common session key. Moreover, the practical implementation of the presented protocol is discussed, which illustrates that this protocol is feasible under the current techniques. In the end, the security of the presented protocol is analyzed. It is shown that this protocol is secure in theory by proving that the presented protocol can stand against several common attacks.
A theoretical scheme for multi-user quantum authentication and key distribution in a network is proposed. Similar to the authentication architecture of the netw ork in classical cryptography, a distributed client/server architecture with the shared Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR) entangled pairs between each user and his t rusted server used for the authentication and key distribution is proposed. Base d on this architecture, any-to-any multi-user quantum authentication and key dis tribution is realized. The trusted server only provides the authentication betwe en users and swaps the entanglement between the particles so as to entangle the particles of the two users who want to communicate secretly. The key generation is performed by the requesting user. Each user in a network only shares Einstein -Podolsky-Rosen entangled pairs with the trusted server and communicates with th e trusted server through the classical channel and quantum channel. Users need n ot share EPR entangled pairs with each other so that the number of EPR pairs in the network is reduced from O(n2) to O(n).
Abstract Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide information theoretically secure key exchange even in the era of quantum computers. However, QKD requires the classical channel to be authenticated, the current method for which is pre-sharing symmetric keys. For a QKD network of n users, this method requires Cn2=n(n−1)/2{C}_{n}^{2}=n(n-1)/2Cn2​=n(n−1)/2 C n 2 = n ( n − 1 ) / 2 pairs of symmetric keys to realize pairwise interconnection. In contrast, with the help of a mature public key infrastructure (PKI) and post-quantum cryptography (PQC) with quantum-resistant security, each user only needs to apply for one digital certificate from a certificate authority (CA) to achieve efficient and secure authentication for QKD. We need to assume only the short-term security of the PQC algorithm to achieve long-term security of the distributed keys. Here, we experimentally verified the feasibility, efficiency, and stability of the PQC algorithm in QKD authentication, and demonstrated the advantages when new users join the QKD network. Using the PQC public-key infrastructure, the nodes need to mutually trust only the CA to authenticate each other. QKD combined with PQC authentication will greatly promote and extend the application prospects of quantum-safe communication.