We propose secure protocols for user authenticated quantum key distribution on jammable public channels between two parties, Alice and Bob. Via an arbitrator, Trent, these protocols provide data integrity and mutual identification of the messenger and recipient. The first three are based on single-photon generation and detection. The first and second require (initially) an unjammable channel between the arbitrator and each party. The third requires one broadcast from the arbitrator, disclosing what type of deterministic modification of the states sent through the quantum channel was done by him. The fourth and fifth protocols are based on two-particle entanglement with a preselection of nonorthogonal superpositions of Bell states. These two protocols also require one broadcast from the arbitrator disclosing the type of entangled state in each sending.
We propose secure protocols for user authenticated quantum key distribution on jammable public channels between two parties, Alice and Bob. Via an arbitrator, Trent, these protocols provide data integrity and mutual identification of the messenger and recipient. The first three are based on single-photon generation and detection. The first and second require (initially) an unjammable channel between the arbitrator and each party. The third requires one broadcast from the arbitrator, disclosing what type of deterministic modification of the states sent through the quantum channel was done by him. The fourth and fifth protocols are based on two-particle entanglement with a preselection of nonorthogonal superpositions of Bell states. These two protocols also require one broadcast from the arbitrator disclosing the type of entangled state in each sending.
In this paper, we propose a secure user authentication protocol with nonentanglement-based QKD on jammable public channels between two parties, Alice and Bob. First, via an arbitrator (Trent), the protocol provides both quantum authentication and quantum key distribution. Second, due to the registration to the trusted third party and the initial bit string of Alice (or Bob), used for reversing the photon, only Alice (or Bob) could make the operation according to IA(or IB) . In other words, the protocol also provides quantum signature.
In this paper, we propose a secure user authentication protocol with nonentanglement-based QKD on jammable public channels between two parties, Alice and Bob. First, via an arbitrator (Trent), the protocol provides both quantum authentication and quantum key distribution. Second, due to the registration to the trusted third party and the initial bit string of Alice (or Bob), used for reversing the photon, only Alice (or Bob) could make the operation according to IA(or IB) . In other words, the protocol also provides quantum signature.
Based on the entanglement feature of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, a multi-user quantum key distribution with mutual authentication is proposed. In the protocol, a semi-trusted third party, who may misbehave on its own but will conspire with none of the participants, is introduced to help arbitrary two users on a quantum network to achieve this secure task. Firstly, the third party prepares a three-particle entangled state. Then, he keeps one particle in his hand, and sends two particles to these two users respectively. Meanwhile, a keyed one-way hash function is utilized to generate an authentication message, in terms of which three parties respectively make an appropriate single-particle measurement on the particles in their hands. According to the measurement results, the third party can verify the identity of one user. It implies that one user is able to authenticate the other user with the assistance of the third party. After that, two participants use the remainder measurement results to generate a common session key. Moreover, the practical implementation of the presented protocol is discussed, which illustrates that this protocol is feasible under the current techniques. In the end, the security of the presented protocol is analyzed. It is shown that this protocol is secure in theory by proving that the presented protocol can stand against several common attacks.
Authentication is one of the security services that ensures sufficient security of the system by identification and verification. Also, it assures the identity of the communicating party to be that the claimed one. To build a quantum channel between two unauthenticated to each other parties, first, a trusted authority is needed to establish a mutual authentication with each party. Using Bell measurement and entanglement swapping, we present a protocol that mutually authenticates the identity of the sender and the receiver, then constructs a quantum channel based on Bell basis. After, the sender and the receiver use the quantum channel to communicate using entanglement-assisted quantum communication protocols. Additionally, the protocol renews the shared secret key between the trusted authority and each user after each authentication process. The protocol provides the necessary authentication and key distribution to create a quantum channel between the sender and receiver.
A secure quantum identification system combining a classical identification procedure and quantum key distribution is proposed. Each identification sequence is always used just once and sequences are ``refueled'' from a shared provably secret key transferred through the quantum channel. Two identification protocols are devised. The first protocol can be applied when legitimate users have an unjammable public channel at their disposal. The deception probability is derived for the case of a noisy quantum channel. The second protocol employs unconditionally secure authentication of information sent over the public channel, and thus can be applied even in the case when an adversary is allowed to modify public communications. An experimental realization of a quantum identification system is described.
Unconditional security in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) relies on authenticating the identities of users involved in key distribution. While classical identity authentication schemes were initially utilized in QKD implementations, concerns regarding their vulnerability have prompted the exploration of Quantum Identity Authentication (QIA) protocols. In this study, we introduce a new protocol for QIA, derived from the concept of controlled secure direct quantum communication. Our proposed scheme facilitates simultaneous authentication between two users, Alice and Bob, leveraging Bell states with the assistance of a third party, Charlie. Through rigorous security analysis, we demonstrate that the proposed protocol withstands various known attacks, including impersonation, intercept and resend and impersonated fraudulent attacks. Additionally, we establish the relevance of the proposed protocol by comparing it with the existing protocols of similar type.