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Physical Review

Integral Representation of a Double Commutator

Freeman J. Dyson

Published Mar 15, 1960• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1103/physrev.117.1616

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Representations of general commutation relations

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We construct a Kitaev model, consisting of a Hamiltonian which is the sum of commuting local projectors, for surfaces with boundaries and defects of dimension 0 and 1. More specifically, we show that one can consider cell decompositions of surfaces whose 2-cells are labeled by semisimple Hopf algebras and 1-cells are labeled by semisimple bicomodule algebras. We introduce an algebra whose representations label the 0-cells and which reduces to the Drinfeld double of a Hopf algebra in the absence of defects. In this way we generalize the algebraic structure underlying the standard Kitaev model without defects or boundaries, where all 1-cells and 2-cells are labeled by a single Hopf algebra and where point defects are labeled by representations of its Drinfeld double. In the standard case, commuting local projectors are constructed using the Haar integral for semisimple Hopf algebras. A central insight we gain in this paper is that in the presence of defects and boundaries, the suitable generalization of the Haar integral is given by the unique symmetric separability idempotent for a semisimple (bi-)comodule algebra.
Using the intertwining matrix of the IRF-Vertex correspondence we propose a determinant representation for the generating function of the commuting Hamiltonians of the double elliptic integrable system. More precisely, it is a ratio of the normally ordered determinants, which turns into a single determinant in the classical case. With its help we reproduce the recently suggested expression for the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonians for the dual to elliptic Ruijsenaars model. Next, we study the classical counterpart of our construction, which gives expression for the spectral curve and the corresponding L-matrix. This matrix is obtained explicitly as a weighted average of the Ruijsenaars and/or Sklyanin type Lax matrices with the weights as in the theta function series definition. By construction the L-matrix satisfies the Manakov triple representation instead of the Lax equation. Finally, we discuss the factorized structure of the L-matrix.
We systematically investigate master equations involving double-bracket dissipators in the classical limit. Dissipators defined by double commutators arise naturally in dephasing dynamics, while those defined by double anticommutators are typically associated with noisy Hamiltonians. The classical limit of such master equations is derived by reformulating the dissipative open dynamics in phase space using the Wigner-Weyl transform and Moyal bracket formalism, and by identifying the leading-order terms in a systematic ℏ\hbarℏ-expansion. We first analyze a double-commutator master equation associated with energy diffusion, and then turn to master equations containing a double anticommutator with the system Hamiltonian, recently derived in the context of noisy non-Hermitian systems. For both classes of double-bracket equations, we establish a gradient-flow representation of the dynamics within both the quantum and semiclassical formalisms. We further study the semiclassical evolution generated by double-bracket master equations for the harmonic (integrable) and driven anharmonic (chaotic) oscillators, considering both classical and quantum initial states. The dynamics are characterized through several observables, including mean position, momentum, and energy. The quantumness of the time-evolved state is assessed via the Wigner logarithmic negativity, and the interplay between double-bracket dissipation and chaotic dynamics is examined in detail. Finally, we extend our analysis to generalized master equations involving higher-order nested brackets, which arise naturally as a time-continuous formulation of spectral filtering techniques widely used in the numerical simulation of quantum systems.