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Physics

Shaking atoms to make them stop

Anonymous

Published Jan 16, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Ultracold atoms in an optical lattice share a lot of physics with electrons in a crystalline solid and it is a system that is often much easier to control. By forcing an optical lattice to vary with time, it is possible to engineer the energy of cold atoms and essentially bring them to a halt.
DOI
10.1103/physics.2.s3

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•Jul 26, 2017•0 citations
Matter waves inside periodic potentials are well known from solid-state physics, where electrons interacting with a crystal lattice are considered. Atomic Bose-Einstein condensates inside light-induced periodic potentials (optical lattices) share many features with electrons in solids, but also with light waves in nonlinear materials and other nonlinear systems. Generally, atom-atom interactions in Bose-Einstein condensates lead to rich and interesting nonlinear effects. Furthermore, the experimental control over the parameters of the periodic potential and the condensate make it possible to enter regimes inaccessible in other systems. In this review, an introduction to the physics of ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices is given and an overview of the theoretical and experimental advances to date.
This chapter discusses the physics of ultracold atoms trapped in optical lattices, i.e., ordered arrays of microscopic traps produced by the interference of counterpropagating laser beams. The motion of the atoms in these ‘crystals of light’ can be described in terms of a periodic potential, similar to the one experienced by the electrons of an ideal crystalline solid. The chapter focuses on the physics of quantum transport in optical lattices, which both provides a testing ground for ideal solid-state physics and constitutes an important resource for the determination of fundamental constants (e.g., the fine structure constant) and for the use of ultracold atoms as very precise sensors of forces (e.g., gravity).
The present thesis is devoted to quantum simulation of strongly interacting systems of ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices. It is a theoretical work which focuses on the possibility to employ strong time-periodic forcing for the coherent control of these system. This form of quantum engineering is called Floquet engineering. Experimentally, time-periodic forcing has been successfully applied to realize a variety of physical models and phenomena, especially in the regime of weak interactions. We describe two novel proposals for interesting phenomena in the regime of strong interactions that rely on lattice shaking: melting of a Mott-insulator into an excited-state superfluid via coherent coupling of Bloch bands and the creation of 1D lattice anyons. Furthermore, the role of multiphoton excitations in a driven lattice is analyzed since these processes can lead to unwanted heating and thereby impeding of successful Floquet engineering in the experiment. The introductory Chapter 1 gives an overview over the field of quantum simulations with ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices and describes the experimental progress that has been made in the recent years. In Chapter 2, Floquet theory is reviewed, which provides an excellent framework to deal with time-periodic Hamiltonians and which is the basis of the analysis presented in the following chapters. Chapter 3 deals with the proposal of coherently coupling Bloch bands of an optical lattice via resonant lattice shaking. In particular, the orbital-driven phase transition from a Mott insulating to a superfluid ground state is described in detail. In Chapter 4, a proposal of realizing 1D lattice anyons from strongly interacting bosons in a shaken and tilted lattice is worked out. Furthermore, Friedel oscillations are proposed to provide a measurable real-space signature for the anyonization. Finally, in Chapter 5 multiphoton excitations to higher Bloch bands are analyzed for the cases of a shaken and an amplitude-modulated lattice. The strength and the location of resonances, which are associated with heating, are described theoretically and numerically.