By defining ``a virtual gap'' for the continuous spectrum through the notion of eigendifferential (Weyl's packet) and using the differential projector operator, we present a rigorous demonstration and discussion of the quantum adiabatic theorem and the validity condition of the adiabatic approximation for systems having a nondegenerate continuous spectrum. We show that a quantal system in an eigenstate, of operators with a continuous nondegenerate eigenvalue spectrum, slowly transported around a closed curve $C$ by varying parameters in its Hamiltonian, will acquire a generalized geometrical phase factor where an explicit formula is derived in terms of the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. Examples are given for illustration.By defining ``a virtual gap'' for the continuous spectrum through the notion of eigendifferential (Weyl's packet) and using the differential projector operator, we present a rigorous demonstration and discussion of the quantum adiabatic theorem and the validity condition of the adiabatic approximation for systems having a nondegenerate continuous spectrum. We show that a quantal system in an eigenstate, of operators with a continuous nondegenerate eigenvalue spectrum, slowly transported around a closed curve $C$ by varying parameters in its Hamiltonian, will acquire a generalized geometrical phase factor where an explicit formula is derived in terms of the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. Examples are given for illustration.

Physical Review ANov 12, 200821 citations

Quantal phase factors accompanying adiabatic changes

Michael Berry

Abstract A quantal system in an eigenstate, slowly transported round a circuit C by varying parameters R in its Hamiltonian Ĥ(R), will acquire a geometrical phase factor exp{iγ(C)} in addition to the familiar dynamical phase factor. An explicit general formula for γ(C) is derived in terms of the spectrum and eigenstates of Ĥ(R) over a surface spanning C. If C lies near a degeneracy of Ĥ, γ(C) takes a simple form which includes as a special case the sign change of eigenfunctions of real symmetric matrices round a degeneracy. As an illustration γ(C) is calculated for spinning particles in slowly-changing magnetic fields; although the sign reversal of spinors on rotation is a special case, the effect is predicted to occur for bosons as well as fermions, and a method for observing it is proposed. It is shown that the Aharonov-Bohm effect can be interpreted as a geometrical phase factor.Abstract A quantal system in an eigenstate, slowly transported round a circuit C by varying parameters R in its Hamiltonian Ĥ(R), will acquire a geometrical phase factor exp{iγ(C)} in addition to the familiar dynamical phase factor. An explicit general formula for γ(C) is derived in terms of the spectrum and eigenstates of Ĥ(R) over a surface spanning C. If C lies near a degeneracy of Ĥ, γ(C) takes a simple form which includes as a special case the sign change of eigenfunctions of real symmetric matrices round a degeneracy. As an illustration γ(C) is calculated for spinning particles in slowly-changing magnetic fields; although the sign reversal of spinors on rotation is a special case, the effect is predicted to occur for bosons as well as fermions, and a method for observing it is proposed. It is shown that the Aharonov-Bohm effect can be interpreted as a geometrical phase factor.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical and Physical SciencesMar 8, 19849,250 citations

Quantal statistical phase factors accompanying fermion inter-changes

Boyan Obreshkov

It is shown that effects of particle identity entail reduction in the number of orbital degrees-of-freedom in non-relativistic 2-particle systems from 6 to 5. This effect of redundancy in description of orbital motion is found to be in correspondence to multiplicative phase factor $(-1)^{2s}$ which accompany interchange of the two particles, where $s$ is the spin of one particle.It is shown that effects of particle identity entail reduction in the number of orbital degrees-of-freedom in non-relativistic 2-particle systems from 6 to 5. This effect of redundancy in description of orbital motion is found to be in correspondence to multiplicative phase factor $(-1)^{2s}$ which accompany interchange of the two particles, where $s$ is the spin of one particle.

Mar 30, 20090 citations

C

by varying parameters in its Hamiltonian, will acquire a generalized geometrical phase factor where an explicit formula is derived in terms of the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. Examples are given for illustration.

(-1)^{2s}

which accompany interchange of the two particles, where

s

is the spin of one particle.