Summary form only given. The techniques of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) may be employed in order to create an effective nonlinear response at a given wavelength which is equal in magnitude to the linear response at that wavelength. Physically, this allows frequency converters wherein 100% photon-to-photon conversion occurs in a single coherence length, i.e., in that distance which causes a /spl pi/ phase slip between the driving polarization and the generated electromagnetic wave. These ideas were first implemented by Jain et al. (1996), to convert 425 nm to 293 nm, in a medium consisting of a single isotope of Pb. This paper reports the demonstration of a vapor-phase VUV frequency converter from 233 nm to 186 nm with an energy conversion efficiency exceeding 35%; the maximum generated signal energy and power were 250 /spl mu/J and 25 kW. The net conversion efficiency to 186 nm, including all beams, is roughly 2%. These wavelengths were chosen to demonstrate the utility of this type of frequency converter to generate wavelengths outside the transparency window of most crystalline media. Our technique involves the application of two strong laser fields which are almost two-photon resonant with a Raman transition of the Pb atoms.Summary form only given. The techniques of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) may be employed in order to create an effective nonlinear response at a given wavelength which is equal in magnitude to the linear response at that wavelength. Physically, this allows frequency converters wherein 100% photon-to-photon conversion occurs in a single coherence length, i.e., in that distance which causes a /spl pi/ phase slip between the driving polarization and the generated electromagnetic wave. These ideas were first implemented by Jain et al. (1996), to convert 425 nm to 293 nm, in a medium consisting of a single isotope of Pb. This paper reports the demonstration of a vapor-phase VUV frequency converter from 233 nm to 186 nm with an energy conversion efficiency exceeding 35%; the maximum generated signal energy and power were 250 /spl mu/J and 25 kW. The net conversion efficiency to 186 nm, including all beams, is roughly 2%. These wavelengths were chosen to demonstrate the utility of this type of frequency converter to generate wavelengths outside the transparency window of most crystalline media. Our technique involves the application of two strong laser fields which are almost two-photon resonant with a Raman transition of the Pb atoms.

Quantum Electronics and Laser Science ConferenceJan 20, 20030 citations

Efficient vacuum ultraviolet generation using electomagnetically induced transparency

Scott J. Sharpe, Andrew J. Merriam, H. Xia +3 more

The techniques of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be employed to create a nonlinear response at a given wavelength that is equal in magnitude to the linear response at that wavelength. Physically, this allows frequency converters wherein unity photon-to-photon conversion occurs within a single coherence length, i.e., in that distance that causes a n phase slip between the driving polarization and the generated field. These ideas were first implemented by Jain and coworkers' to convert 425-nm radiation to 293-nm radiation with an energy conversion efficiency of 40%. We have extended that work to the generation of coherent radiation below 200nm, outside the transparency window of most nonlinear crystals. This was possible with moderate pump intensities without the need for phase matching.The techniques of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be employed to create a nonlinear response at a given wavelength that is equal in magnitude to the linear response at that wavelength. Physically, this allows frequency converters wherein unity photon-to-photon conversion occurs within a single coherence length, i.e., in that distance that causes a n phase slip between the driving polarization and the generated field. These ideas were first implemented by Jain and coworkers' to convert 425-nm radiation to 293-nm radiation with an energy conversion efficiency of 40%. We have extended that work to the generation of coherent radiation below 200nm, outside the transparency window of most nonlinear crystals. This was possible with moderate pump intensities without the need for phase matching.

IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting (LEOS)Jan 20, 20030 citations

Efficient gas-phase VUV frequency up-conversion

Andrew J. Merriam, Scott J. Sharpe, Hui Xia +3 more

We describe a pulsed, atomic lead (Pb) vapor-based vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) frequency converter from 233 to 186 nm with near-unity photon conversion efficiency. This conversion is attained without phasematching and is accomplished by using electromagnetically induced transparency to drive a Raman transition to near-maximal coherence without loss or beam blow-up. Under these conditions, the linear and nonlinear polarizations of the generated 186-nm field are of the same order and complete conversion from the 233-nm field occurs within a single (nonphasematched) coherence length.We describe a pulsed, atomic lead (Pb) vapor-based vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) frequency converter from 233 to 186 nm with near-unity photon conversion efficiency. This conversion is attained without phasematching and is accomplished by using electromagnetically induced transparency to drive a Raman transition to near-maximal coherence without loss or beam blow-up. Under these conditions, the linear and nonlinear polarizations of the generated 186-nm field are of the same order and complete conversion from the 233-nm field occurs within a single (nonphasematched) coherence length.

IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum ElectronicsJan 1, 199912 citations

Efficient Nonlinear Frequency Conversion in an All-Resonant Double- Λ System

Andrew J. Merriam, Scott J. Sharpe, Miro Y. Shverdin +3 more

We demonstrate efficient, pulsed, gas-phase, nonlinear frequency conversion in a quadruply resonant, double- Lambda system and, simultaneously, verify theoretical predictions of Rabi-frequency matching unique to absorbing nonlinear media. This system is used to up-convert ultraviolet light at 233 nm to the vacuum ultraviolet at 186 nm in atomic Pb vapor with small-signal conversion efficiencies exceeding 30% and with modest atomic density-length (NL) products (scale 10(14) cm(-2)) and optical power densities (10-100 kW/cm(2)).We demonstrate efficient, pulsed, gas-phase, nonlinear frequency conversion in a quadruply resonant, double- Lambda system and, simultaneously, verify theoretical predictions of Rabi-frequency matching unique to absorbing nonlinear media. This system is used to up-convert ultraviolet light at 233 nm to the vacuum ultraviolet at 186 nm in atomic Pb vapor with small-signal conversion efficiencies exceeding 30% and with modest atomic density-length (NL) products (scale 10(14) cm(-2)) and optical power densities (10-100 kW/cm(2)).

Physical Review LettersJun 5, 2000171 citations

Electromagnetically induced transparency-enhanced conversion efficiency of coherent VUV generation in krypton

C. Franklin Dorman, J. P. Marangos

Summary form only given.Resonant sum-difference frequency mixing has been investigated in krypton. A two-photon resonant field tuned to 212.55 nm drove transitions between the ground state and the excited state. This excited state was coupled by a near-resonant field at 759 nm. The infrared coupling field was near transform limited and under these conditions should result in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) at the frequency of the generated VUV field (123.6 nm). The predicted enhancement in the conversion efficiency of the scheme was investigated by studying the dependence of the VUV signal on intensity and detuning of the coupling field.Summary form only given.Resonant sum-difference frequency mixing has been investigated in krypton. A two-photon resonant field tuned to 212.55 nm drove transitions between the ground state and the excited state. This excited state was coupled by a near-resonant field at 759 nm. The infrared coupling field was near transform limited and under these conditions should result in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) at the frequency of the generated VUV field (123.6 nm). The predicted enhancement in the conversion efficiency of the scheme was investigated by studying the dependence of the VUV signal on intensity and detuning of the coupling field.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-OpticsNov 27, 20020 citations

Measurement of high conversion efficiency to 123.6-nm radiation in a four-wave-mixing scheme enhanced by electromagnetically induced transparency

C. Franklin Dorman, İbrahim Küçükkara, J. P. Marangos

We report measurements of the absolute yield of 123.6-nm vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation produced in a resonant four-wave-mixing scheme in krypton enhanced by electromagnetically induced transparency. One of the mixing fields, in the ultraviolet (UV) at 212.55 nm, was in two-photon resonance with the ${4p}^{6}{}^{1}{S}_{0}--{4p}^{5}5p[0,\frac{1}{2}]$ transition of krypton, while a second field (the coupling field) at 759 nm was resonant with the ${4p}^{5}5p[0,\frac{1}{2}]{\ensuremath{-}4p}^{5}5s[1,\frac{1}{2}]$ transition. Electromagnetically induced transparency has been predicted to be induced by this coupling field and to enhance the efficiency of the generation of the field at 123.6 nm, on the ${4p}^{5}5s[1,\frac{1}{2}]$ to ${4p}^{6}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ transition. This was confirmed by measurements of the absolute VUV radiation yield using a calibrated photodiode in the limit of a large density-length product. Energies of \ensuremath{\sim}30 nJ were produced, which gave a conversion efficiency, from the coupling field energy of \ensuremath{\sim}1%. Higher yields are thought to be achievable by increasing the coupling laser intensity, the path length of the medium, and by the use of a transform-limited UV pulse of the same duration as the coupling field.We report measurements of the absolute yield of 123.6-nm vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation produced in a resonant four-wave-mixing scheme in krypton enhanced by electromagnetically induced transparency. One of the mixing fields, in the ultraviolet (UV) at 212.55 nm, was in two-photon resonance with the ${4p}^{6}{}^{1}{S}_{0}--{4p}^{5}5p[0,\frac{1}{2}]$ transition of krypton, while a second field (the coupling field) at 759 nm was resonant with the ${4p}^{5}5p[0,\frac{1}{2}]{\ensuremath{-}4p}^{5}5s[1,\frac{1}{2}]$ transition. Electromagnetically induced transparency has been predicted to be induced by this coupling field and to enhance the efficiency of the generation of the field at 123.6 nm, on the ${4p}^{5}5s[1,\frac{1}{2}]$ to ${4p}^{6}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ transition. This was confirmed by measurements of the absolute VUV radiation yield using a calibrated photodiode in the limit of a large density-length product. Energies of \ensuremath{\sim}30 nJ were produced, which gave a conversion efficiency, from the coupling field energy of \ensuremath{\sim}1%. Higher yields are thought to be achievable by increasing the coupling laser intensity, the path length of the medium, and by the use of a transform-limited UV pulse of the same duration as the coupling field.

Physical Review ADec 8, 199950 citations

{4p}^{6}{}^{1}{S}_{0}--{4p}^{5}5p[0,\frac{1}{2}]

transition of krypton, while a second field (the coupling field) at 759 nm was resonant with the ${4p}^{5}5p[0,\frac{1}{2}]{\ensuremath{-}4p}^{5}5s[1,\frac{1}{2}]$ transition. Electromagnetically induced transparency has been predicted to be induced by this coupling field and to enhance the efficiency of the generation of the field at 123.6 nm, on the

{4p}^{5}5s[1,\frac{1}{2}]

{4p}^{6}{}^{1}{S}_{0}

transition. This was confirmed by measurements of the absolute VUV radiation yield using a calibrated photodiode in the limit of a large density-length product. Energies of \ensuremath{\sim}30 nJ were produced, which gave a conversion efficiency, from the coupling field energy of \ensuremath{\sim}1%. Higher yields are thought to be achievable by increasing the coupling laser intensity, the path length of the medium, and by the use of a transform-limited UV pulse of the same duration as the coupling field.