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IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Efficient gas-phase VUV frequency up-conversion

Andrew J. Merriam, Scott J. Sharpe, Hui Xia, D. Manuszak, G. Y. Yin, Stephen E. Harris

Published Jan 1, 1999• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We describe a pulsed, atomic lead (Pb) vapor-based vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) frequency converter from 233 to 186 nm with near-unity photon conversion efficiency. This conversion is attained without phasematching and is accomplished by using electromagnetically induced transparency to drive a Raman transition to near-maximal coherence without loss or beam blow-up. Under these conditions, the linear and nonlinear polarizations of the generated 186-nm field are of the same order and complete conversion from the 233-nm field occurs within a single (nonphasematched) coherence length.

DOI
10.1109/2944.814990

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We describe a pulsed, atomic lead (Pb) vapor-based vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) frequency converter from 233 to 186 nm with near-unity photon conversion efficiency. This conversion is attained without phasematching and is accomplished by using electromagnetically induced transparency to drive a Raman transition to near-maximal coherence without loss or beam blow-up. Under these conditions, the linear and nonlinear polarizations of the generated 186-nm field are of the same order and complete conversion from the 233-nm field occurs within a single (nonphasematched) coherence length.
Summary form only given. The techniques of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) may be employed in order to create an effective nonlinear response at a given wavelength which is equal in magnitude to the linear response at that wavelength. Physically, this allows frequency converters wherein 100% photon-to-photon conversion occurs in a single coherence length, i.e., in that distance which causes a /spl pi/ phase slip between the driving polarization and the generated electromagnetic wave. These ideas were first implemented by Jain et al. (1996), to convert 425 nm to 293 nm, in a medium consisting of a single isotope of Pb. This paper reports the demonstration of a vapor-phase VUV frequency converter from 233 nm to 186 nm with an energy conversion efficiency exceeding 35%; the maximum generated signal energy and power were 250 /spl mu/J and 25 kW. The net conversion efficiency to 186 nm, including all beams, is roughly 2%. These wavelengths were chosen to demonstrate the utility of this type of frequency converter to generate wavelengths outside the transparency window of most crystalline media. Our technique involves the application of two strong laser fields which are almost two-photon resonant with a Raman transition of the Pb atoms.
Summary form only given. The techniques of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) may be employed in order to create an effective nonlinear response at a given wavelength which is equal in magnitude to the linear response at that wavelength. Physically, this allows frequency converters wherein 100% photon-to-photon conversion occurs in a single coherence length, i.e., in that distance which causes a /spl pi/ phase slip between the driving polarization and the generated electromagnetic wave. This paper reports the demonstration of a vapor-phase VUV frequency converter from 233 nm to 186 nm with an energy conversion efficiency exceeding 35%; the maximum generated signal energy and power were 250 /spl mu/J and 25 kW. (The net conversion efficiency to 186 nm, including all beams, is roughly 2%.) These wavelengths were chosen to demonstrate the utility of this type of frequency converter to generate wavelengths outside the transparency window of most crystalline media.
The techniques of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be employed to create a nonlinear response at a given wavelength that is equal in magnitude to the linear response at that wavelength. Physically, this allows frequency converters wherein unity photon-to-photon conversion occurs within a single coherence length, i.e., in that distance that causes a n phase slip between the driving polarization and the generated field. These ideas were first implemented by Jain and coworkers' to convert 425-nm radiation to 293-nm radiation with an energy conversion efficiency of 40%. We have extended that work to the generation of coherent radiation below 200nm, outside the transparency window of most nonlinear crystals. This was possible with moderate pump intensities without the need for phase matching.
We demonstrate efficient, pulsed, gas-phase, nonlinear frequency conversion in a quadruply resonant, double- Lambda system and, simultaneously, verify theoretical predictions of Rabi-frequency matching unique to absorbing nonlinear media. This system is used to up-convert ultraviolet light at 233 nm to the vacuum ultraviolet at 186 nm in atomic Pb vapor with small-signal conversion efficiencies exceeding 30% and with modest atomic density-length (NL) products (scale 10(14) cm(-2)) and optical power densities (10-100 kW/cm(2)).