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Routledge eBooks

Exposition

C. G. Jung, Wolfgang Ernst Friederich Pauli

Published Apr 6, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The discoveries of modern physics have, as we know, brought about a significant change in our scientific picture of the world, in that they have shattered the absolute validity of natural law and made it relative. Natural laws are statistical truths, which means that they are completely valid only when we are dealing with macrophysical quantities. In the realm of very small quantities prediction becomes uncertain, if not impossible, because very small quantities no longer behave in accordance with the known natural laws.

DOI
10.4324/9781315101606-2

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The discoveries of modern physics have, as we know, brought about a significant change in our scientific picture of the world, in that they have shattered the absolute validity of natural law and made it relative. Natural laws are statistical truths, which means that they are completely valid only when we are dealing with macrophysical quantities. In the realm of very small quantities prediction becomes uncertain, if not impossible, because very small quantities no longer behave in accordance with the known natural laws.
It is shown that among the manifold scientific legacy of Einstein, his statistical‐thermodynamic and geometric ideas take on a special significance today. A special attention is paid to his role as a founder of holistic understanding of Nature . His geometric thinking allowed creating not only special and general relativity but complete classical physics as a holistic classical version of the physical picture of the world. His statistical‐thermodynamic thinking allowed creating not only outstanding statistical and quantum theories but opened a way to unification of these theories and to becoming a nonclassical version of physical picture of the world. At last, it is demonstrated that Einstein’s discoveries proved the funadamental status of Boltzmann’s constant and allowed distinguishing micro‐ and macrolevels of Nature describing.The influence of Einstein’s geometrical approach on the modem theoretical physics methods is discussed. It is analyzed some different forms of uncertainties relations, including Shroedinger’s uncertainties relations, as some geometrical restrictions on mutual relations between quantities or their fluctuations in the nonclassical theories. By this means an opportunity of mutual transitions of thermal and quantum fluctuations at high and low temperatures is considered.Admitting the existence of two versions of the physical picture of the world and two levels of Nature describing, a physics structure in the form of planar table is proposed. Each group of theories in the table cell responds to the corresponding version of PPW and level of Nature describing. As a result each of the group uniquely corresponds to one of four fundamental constants c, GN, ℏ, kB. As another image of this structure is offered a tetrahedron jointing four groups of theories.
The aim of the article is to analyze the ontological foundations of quantum mechanics and the relationship of various interpretations of quantum mechanics with the question of truth in scientific knowledge. The theoretical material (various interpretations of quantum mechanics) was analyzed. The research methods were analysis, comparative-historical and institutional approaches. On the basis of the study, it can be concluded that physicists are only able to predict the probabilities of physical phenomena or processes, without any knowledge of the structure of entity in itself. The study helps to complement the theoretical picture of the ontology of quantum mechanics and to get an idea about the development prospects of the methodology of physical sciences. We should not ascribe properties that are unobservable in experience to the entity because science can truly interpret only the representation of entity in itself in experience and the ways of dealing with it, not future events or possible states of the entity. Otherwise, science “slides” down to the level of dialectical (rhetorical) exercises based not on true premises, but on generally accepted or “authoritative” biases, which gives room to extreme forms of relativism and takes natural scientists away from studying nature to inventing empirically unsupported hypotheses. When, in accordance with the Cartesian ontology, the scientist assumes that the entity is as the “subject” observes it (that is, the “reflection” of the entity in consciousness is identified with entity in itself), this assumption leads the scientist to attempts to “scientifically” describe the future events or the possible states of the entity. The criterion for the truth of a scientific theory put forward by Einstein in his dispute with Bohr remains a fundamentally unattainable ideal. Cognition of nature is probabilistically and fundamentally incomplete since a person can consciously comprehend natural phenomena only within the framework of their representation in the existing being. The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics is due to the impossibility of knowing things as they exist by themselves, that is, as they exist outside of representation in the mind of the observer. This does not mean that physical entities did not exist before their knowledge: they existed potentially, but were not valid for the observer, that is, conscious. Quantum physics is as incomplete as any other physical theory when compared with an unattainable ideal, but this fact does not negate its truth for modern scientists since quantum theory is based on the results of verified experiments.
Abstract In the first quarter of this century physicists were slowly and somewhat reluctantly forced to realize that the view of the physical world, so painstakingly built up over the preceding four centuries, was in serious need of revision. In particular, the laws that governed the motion of particles on the atomic scale were not those of classical mechanics. Physics found itself catapulted into the strange new world of quantum theory in which the very notion of position or velocity of a particle became blurred and statistical laws dominated everything.
It is argued that the meaning of spacetime singularities, such as Big Bang cosmological or black hole ones, is nothing else than indicating that the physical world behaves in the causal or predictable way not to be the truly basic manifestation. But rather, this is only an emergent phenomena arising through that unknown fundamental laws, underlying the behavior of the physical world in the way without being in nature understood in term of the predictability, are no longer revealed significantly and thus hidden appropriately. If the causally physical world is emergent rather than being fundamental, what is the nature of the physical world? and how could the physical world behaving in the causal or predictable way be emerged from? In this paper, we would like to answer these two questions based on studying the behavior of an absolutely physical entity. Moreover, we show that the quantum world can be understood as an intermediate stage, in which physical effects originated fundamentally from are taken into account, between the fundamental and emergent pictures.