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Research Paper: The Entanglement of Three-mode Spin Coherent States

Kaveh Pasandideh, Nasibollah Doustimotlagh

Published Dec 1, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this study, the detection method of entanglement of 3-mode spin coherence states is investigated. For this purpose, by properly defining the computational codes, these states are mapped to a three qubit quantum state, and then, by using the Mermin- Kalyshko inequality, the entanglement of these states is studied and an analytical relationship to determine the entanglement region is presented. The results of numerical analysis of the extracted inequality show that the entanglement region of these states depends on the coherence parameters, the amount of spin as well as the phase of the states. For example, in the case where the values of the coherence parameters are equal but with opposite signs, by adjusting the coherence phase, the degree of entanglement can be controlled such that the maximum entanglement occurs . More important, as the value of spin increases, the allowable range of the coherence parameter for entanglement detection increases. These results are consistent with the data reported in the study of the degree of entanglement of 2-mode superposition of spin coherent states using other measures and criteria of entanglement. The findings of this study can be used in the study of non-classical and quantum systems and quantum correlations in quantum information science.

DOI
10.22051/ijap.2021.36748.1221

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In this study, the detection method of entanglement of 3-mode spin coherence states is investigated. For this purpose, by properly defining the computational codes, these states are mapped to a three qubit quantum state, and then, by using the Mermin- Kalyshko inequality, the entanglement of these states is studied and an analytical relationship to determine the entanglement region is presented. The results of numerical analysis of the extracted inequality show that the entanglement region of these states depends on the coherence parameters, the amount of spin as well as the phase of the states. For example, in the case where the values of the coherence parameters are equal but with opposite signs, by adjusting the coherence phase, the degree of entanglement can be controlled such that the maximum entanglement occurs . More important, as the value of spin increases, the allowable range of the coherence parameter for entanglement detection increases. These results are consistent with the data reported in the study of the degree of entanglement of 2-mode superposition of spin coherent states using other measures and criteria of entanglement. The findings of this study can be used in the study of non-classical and quantum systems and quantum correlations in quantum information science.
In this work, superposition of spin coherent states composed of two qubits is formed and by calculating the geometric measure of mixing of the system introduced in this work, the degree of mixedness of the studied state is investigated. In the following, the changes in the entanglement of the introduced state are studied by using the negativity measure. Finally, by drawing the appropriate plots, according to the influential parameters in this system, we examine the maximum and the minimum of the changes in the mixedness and entanglement and also their relationship to the mixed system consisting of two-qubit spin coherent states. It was observed that for maximizing α, when the changes of parameters indicate the purity of the state, the entanglement of the system reaches its maximum value for two-qubit systems. Also, for all values of coherence parameter, the entanglement decreases when mixedness of the system increases.
Entangled spin coherent states are a type of quantum states that involve two or more spin systems that are correlated in a nonclassical way. These states can improve metrology and information processing, as they can surpass the standard quantum limit, which is the ultimate bound for precision measurements using coherent states. However, finding entangled coherent states in physical systems is challenging because they require precise control and manipulation of the interactions between the modes. In this work we show that entangled unique coherent states can be found in the ground state of the spin-1/2 XX chain model with three-spin interaction, which is an exactly solvable model in quantum magnetism. We use the spin squeezing parameter, the l_{1}-norm of coherence, and the entanglement entropy as tools to detect and characterize these unique coherent states. We find that these unique coherent states exist in a gapless spin liquid phase, where they form a line that separates two regions with different degrees of squeezing. We call this line the entangled unique coherent line, as it corresponds to the almost maximum entanglement between two halves of the system. We also study the critical scaling of the spin squeezing parameter and the entanglement entropy versus the system size.
Entanglement detection is crucial and a necessity in the context of quantum information and quantum computation. This important task has proved to be quite hard for quantum systems of dimensions higher than 2×3, in which case, there exists well established necessary and sufficient conditions like Peres-Horodecki criterion.To tackle this challenge for bipartite systems, we introduce a mathematical framework to reduce the problem to entanglement in a two qubit system. This is done by mapping each subsystem locally into a qubit without increasing entanglement. The mapping is expressed in terms of expectation values of three arbitrary operators in the original state. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for such mapping to be valid from physical point of view, providing thence a versatile tool for dimension reduction in various applications.Our main use of this formalism is as a gate way to derive entanglement criteria for bipartite or multi-partite systemas based on existing ones derived for qubit systems. By mapping each subsystem locally into a qubit, applying entanglement criteria known for qubits on the resulting state automatically gives us entanglement criteria in terms of the chosen operators used to implement the mapping.For the multi-partite case, we focus on spin squeezing inequalities for qubits to derive entanglement criteria for general systems. However, when applying our formalism to this case, an interesting situation arises where one is able to obtain coherent superposition of multi-partite qubit states with different particle number. Hence, to derive better entanglement criteria, we had to consider quantum and/or classical fluctuationsthat may be exhibited by the particle number operator. We derive generalized form of Sørensen-Mølmer’s criterion and of spin squeezing inequalities for fluctuating particle number in terms of arbitrary collective operators. We applied our results to study entanglement in a system of ultra-cold Chromium atoms with spin s = 3 trapped in a bi-dimensional optical lattice incollaboration with Quantum Dipolar Gazes team in Laboratoire de Physique de Laser at Paris Nord 13 university. We showed, in a numerical simulation, that our generalized inequalities are able to detect entanglement in their system using collective operators. Moreover, we show that such observables can be measured using available techniques.
Abstract These two accompanying papers are concerned with entanglement for systems of identical massive bosons and the relationship to spin squeezing and other quantum correlation effects. The main focus is on two mode entanglement, but multi-mode entanglement is also considered. The bosons may be atoms or molecules as in cold quantum gases. The previous paper I dealt with the general features of quantum entanglement and its specific definition in the case of systems of identical bosons. Entanglement is a property shared between two (or more) quantum sub-systems. In defining entanglement for systems of identical massive particles, it was concluded that the single particle states or modes are the most appropriate choice for sub-systems that are distinguishable, that the general quantum states must comply both with the symmetrization principle and the super-selection rules (SSR) that forbid quantum superpositions of states with differing total particle number (global SSR compliance). Further, it was concluded that (in the separable states) quantum superpositions of sub-system states with differing sub-system particle number (local SSR compliance) also do not occur. The present paper II determines possible tests for entanglement based on the treatment of entanglement set out in paper I. Several inequalities involving variances and mean values of operators have been previously proposed as tests for entanglement between two sub-systems. These inequalities generally involve mode annihilation and creation operators and include the inequalities that define spin squeezing. In this paper, spin squeezing criteria for two mode systems are examined, and spin squeezing is also considered for principle spin operator components where the covariance matrix is diagonal. The proof, which is based on our SSR compliant approach shows that the presence of spin squeezing in any one of the spin components requires entanglement of the relevant pair of modes. A simple Bloch vector test for entanglement is also derived. Thus we show that spin squeezing becomes a rigorous test for entanglement in a system of massive bosons, when viewed as a test for entanglement between two modes. In addition, other previously proposed tests for entanglement involving spin operators are considered, including those based on the sum of the variances for two spin components. All of the tests are still valid when the present concept of entanglement based on the symmetrization and SSR criteria is applied. These tests also apply in cases of multi-mode entanglement, though with restrictions in the case of sub-systems each consisting of pairs of modes. Tests involving quantum correlation functions are also considered and for global SSR compliant states these are shown to be equivalent to tests involving spin operators. A new weak correlation test is derived for entanglement based on local SSR compliance for separable states, complementing the stronger correlation test obtained previously when this is ignored. The Bloch vector test is equivalent to one case of this weak correlation test. Quadrature squeezing for single modes is also examined but not found to yield a useful entanglement test, whereas two mode quadrature squeezing proves to be a valid entanglement test, though not as useful as the Bloch vector test. The various entanglement tests are considered for well-known entangled states, such as binomial states, relative phase eigenstates and NOON states—sometimes the new tests are satisfied while than those obtained in other papers are not. The present paper II then outlines the theory for a simple two mode interferometer showing that such an interferometer can be used to measure the mean values and covariance matrix for the spin operators involved in entanglement tests for the two mode bosonic system. The treatment is also generalized to cover multi-mode interferometry. The interferometer involves a pulsed classical field characterized by a phase variable and an area variable defined by the time integral of the field amplitude, and leads to a coupling between the two modes. For simplicity the center frequency was chosen to be resonant with the inter-mode transition frequency. Measuring the mean and variance of the population difference between the two modes for the output state of the interferometer for various choices of interferometer variables is shown to enable the mean values and covariance matrix for the spin operators for the input quantum state of the two mode system to be determined. The paper concludes with a discussion of several key experimental papers on spin squeezing.
The problem of detecting non-classical correlations of states of many qudits is incomparably more involved than in the case of qubits.One reason is that for qubits we have a convenient description of the system by the means of the well-studied correlation tensor allowing to encode the complete information about the state in mean values of dichotomic measurements.The other reason is the more complicated structure of the state space, where, for example, different Schmidt ranks or bound entanglement comes into play.We demonstrate that for three-dimensional quantum subsystems we are able to formulate nonlinear entanglement criteria of the state with existing formalisms.We also point out where the idea for constructing these criteria fails for higher-dimensional systems, which poses well-defined open questions.