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International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development

An Exploration to the Quantum Cryptography Technology

Harshita Jasoliya, Kaushal Arvindbhai Shah

Published Mar 23, 2022• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The security of our data is the prime priority as it is said “Data is the new Oil”. Nowadays, most of our communications are either recorded or forged. There are algorithms used under classical encryption, such as Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), digital signature, elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC), and more, to protect our communication and data. However, these algorithms are breakable with the help of Quantum Cryptography. In addition, this technology provides the most secure form of communication between entities under the fundamental law of Physics. Here, we are abiding to discuss the term “Quantum Cryptography.” The aim of this paper is to explore the knowledge related to the Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Key Distribution; and their elements, implementation, and the latest research. Moreover, exploration of the loopholes and the security of Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure and current used classical cryptographic algorithms are described in the paper.

DOI
10.23919/indiacom54597.2022.9763109

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The security of our data is the prime priority as it is said “Data is the new Oil”. Nowadays, most of our communications are either recorded or forged. There are algorithms used under classical encryption, such as Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), digital signature, elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC), and more, to protect our communication and data. However, these algorithms are breakable with the help of Quantum Cryptography. In addition, this technology provides the most secure form of communication between entities under the fundamental law of Physics. Here, we are abiding to discuss the term “Quantum Cryptography.” The aim of this paper is to explore the knowledge related to the Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Key Distribution; and their elements, implementation, and the latest research. Moreover, exploration of the loopholes and the security of Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure and current used classical cryptographic algorithms are described in the paper.
In the modern digital era, where cyber-attacks, data breaches, and digital spying threaten global security, conventional cryptographic systems face increasing challenges. The rapid development of quantum computing has amplified these threats by undermining the security foundations of classical encryption algorithms such as RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) and ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), both of which depend on the computational hardness of factorization and discrete logarithmic problems. Quantum cryptography, rooted in the principles of quantum mechanics, introduces a transformative approach that ensures theoretically unbreakable security. This paper explores the theoretical foundations, current technological developments, challenges, and future prospects of quantum cryptography. It emphasizes the transition from mathematical security to physical security, highlighting quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum random number generation, and post-quantum cryptographic frameworks. The study concludes that quantum cryptography is not merely a futuristic ideal but a necessary evolution for safeguarding the digital future in a quantum-enabled world
Internet of things (IoT) is a developing technology with a lot of scope in the future. It can ease various different tasks for us. On one hand, IoT is useful for us, on the other hand, it has many serious security threats, like data breaches, side-channel attacks, and virus and data authentication. Classical cryptographic algorithms, like the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm, work well under the classical computers. But the technology is slowly shifting towards quantum computing, which has immense processing power and is more than enough to break the current cryptographic algorithms easily. So it is required that we have to design quantum cryptographic algorithms to prevent our systems from security breaches even before quantum computers come in the market for commercial uses. IoT will also be one of the disciplines, which needs to be secured to prevent any malicious activities. In this paper, we review the common security threats in IoT and the presently available solutions with their drawbacks. Then quantum cryptography is introduced with some of its variations. And finally, the analysis has been carried out in terms of the pros and cons of implementing quantum cryptography for IoT security.
Quantum cryptography is a revolutionary field that applies the principles of quantum mechanics to provide secure communication channels. One of the most popular techniques in quantum cryptography is Quantum Key Distribution, which uses quantum states to deliver secure keys. The main advantage of quantum cryptography is that it offers protection against eavesdropping and tampering, which is not possible with classical encryption methods. This is because copying data in a quantum state is virtually impossible, and any attempt to intercept or manipulate the data will result in its complete alteration. As a result, any third-party interference can be detected quickly. Traditional cryptographic algorithms used in modern cryptography are vulnerable to attacks due to the evolution of quantum computers and mathematical advances in the decomposition of large integers. Therefore, the solution to address this vulnerability is to apply the principles of quantum physics to cryptography. The aim of the paper is to survey the current scientific achievements in the field of quantum cryptography and to present some challenging issues.
Asymmetric cryptographic algorithms commonly used in Internet of Things (IoT) systems — such as Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - are vulnerable to quantum attacks, posing a risk to the long-term security of devices and data. This work presents SQUIRE (Secure Quantum-Integrated Resilience for Embedded Systems), a lightweight and scalable communication framework designed for quantum-resistant IoT systems. SQUIRE integrates validated quantum randomness with classical and post-quantum cryptographic techniques to enable secure key exchange that is resilient against both classical and quantum adversaries. By leveraging Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) and existing communication infrastructure, SQUIRE provides seamless end-to-end security without requiring specialized quantum communication hardware, making it practical for a wide range of IoT environments, from smart homes to industrial systems.
Internet has become a global means of communication, turned our reality upside down. It has transformed communications, to the level that it is now our chosen standard of communication. Although there are many ways to protect information from undesired access, Quantum cryptography can be used to unconditionally secure data communications by applying the laws of quantum physics which overcomes the drawbacks of traditional classical cryptography, which depends on mathematical methods to limit attacks such as eavesdroppers. Quantum cryptography is considered to be a future replica of classical cryptography. In this survey paper, we will discuss about various protocols of cryptography. Also discussing about their vulnerabilities.
Cryptographic algorithms are crucial for secure communication in the Internet of Things (IoT). Quantum computers threaten public key cryptography algorithms like RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman) and Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange schemes, which are widely in use today. As cryptographic algorithms are the foundation of secure internet communication, the development of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) is essential to protect transactions over the internet. However, solutions like Quantum Key Distribution require heavy infrastructure. So, it is not feasible for the Internet of Things with fewer resources in computing power and form factor. Post-Quantum Cryptography is helpful on these devices. But, it needs further developments and improvements. This paper analyzes cryptography algorithms and protocols of IoT with different categories. Integrated PQC of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) third level finalists on Raspberry Pi 4 (RPI4) board with Linux operating system. The performance of Post-Quantum Cryptography schemes for IoT has been evaluated. Finally, a Post-Quantum Cryptography scheme has been suggested for the Internet of Things based on the performance analysis.