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Physical Review A

Four-body system of He4 atoms: Dimer-dimer scattering

Arnoldas Deltuva

Published Apr 13, 2022• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The author proposes a method to circumvent the challenging problems caused by the strong short-range repulsion in realistic atomic systems by introducing a softening and extrapolation approach. This method is then demonstrated in calculating the binding energies and scattering processes in weakly bound few-body atomic ${}^{4}$He systems.''

DOI
10.1103/physreva.105.043310

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The author proposes a method to circumvent the challenging problems caused by the strong short-range repulsion in realistic atomic systems by introducing a softening and extrapolation approach. This method is then demonstrated in calculating the binding energies and scattering processes in weakly bound few-body atomic 4{}^{4}4He systems.''
Four-body system of 4He{}^4\mathrm{He}4He atoms: Dimer-dimer scattering
The strong short-range repulsion, characteristic to realistic interatomic potentials, complicates the description of weakly-bound few-body systems such as those of \He atoms. The present work proposes an approach for solving this problem and applies it to a realistic system of four 4He{}^4\mathrm{He}4He atoms. The potential is gradually softened such that rigorous four-body equations for bound and scattering tates can be accurately solved in the momentum-space framework, and the results are extrapolated back to the limit of the original potential. Linear correlations between three- and four body quantities are observed, and the accuracy of the procedure is improved by extrapolating in one of the three-body quantities. Results for the 4He{}^4\mathrm{He}4He tetramer ground and excited state binding energies and atom-trimer scattering agree well with at least some of earlier determinations and shed light on the existing disagreements. An additional case of the Phillips correlation line is established for the dimer-dimer scattering length. The trimer production rate via the ultracold two-dimer collisions is estimated, it exhibits significant finite-range effects despite the weak binding of the dimer.
We present a mathematically rigorous method suitable for bound-state and scattering process calculations for various three-atomic or molecular systems where the underlying forces are of a hard-core nature. We employed this method to calculate the binding energies and the ultra-low-energy scattering phase shifts below as well as above the breakup threshold for the three-He-atom system. The method has proved to be highly successful and suitable for solving the three-body bound-state and scattering problem in configuration space and thus it paves the way to study various three-atomic systems, and to calculate important quantities such as the cross sections, recombination rates, etc.
The two-body scattering length a for 4He{}^{4}\mathrm{He}4He atoms is much larger than their effective range rs.{r}_{s}.rs​. As a consequence, low-energy few-body observables have universal characteristics that are independent of the interaction potential. Universality implies that, up to corrections suppressed by rs/a,{r}_{s}/a,rs​/a, all low-energy three-body observables are determined by a and a three-body parameter ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{*}.$ We give simple expressions in terms of a and ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{*}$ for the trimer binding-energy equation, the atom-dimer scattering phase shifts, and the rate for three-body recombination at threshold. We determine ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{*}$ for several 4He{}^{4}\mathrm{He}4He potentials from the calculated binding energy of the excited state of the trimer and use it to obtain the universality predictions for the other low-energy observables. We also use the calculated values for one potential to estimate the effective range corrections for the other potentials.
In this work we investigate the structure and dynamics of small clusters of Helium atoms. We consider bound states of clusters having A = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 atoms and continuum states in the three-atom system. Motivated by the fact that the He-He system has a very large scattering length a compared to the range r 0 of the He-He potential (r 0/a < 1/10), we propose the use of a soft-core interparticle potential. We use an attractive gaussian potential that reproduces the values of the dimer binding energy and the atomatom scattering length obtained with one of the widely used He-He interactions, the LM2M2 potential. In addition, we include a repulsive three-body force to reproduce the trimer binding energy. With this model, consisting in the sum of a two- and a three-body potential, we show the spectrum of the four, five, and sixparticle systems and phase-shifts and inelasticities in the three-atom system. Comparisons to calculations using realistic He-He potentials are given. In addition some universal relations are explored.
We consider collisional properties of weakly bound heteronuclear molecules (dimers) formed in a two-species mixture of atoms with a large mass difference. We focus on dimers containing light fermionic atoms as they manifest collisional stability due to an effective dimer-dimer repulsion originating from the exchange of the light atoms. In order to solve the dimer-dimer scattering problem we develop a theoretical approach, which provides a physically transparent and quantitative description of this four-atom system in terms of three- and two-body observables. We calculate the elastic scattering amplitude and the rates of inelastic processes such as the trimer formation and the relaxation of dimers into deeply bound molecular states. Irrespective of whether the heavy atoms are bosons or fermions, the inelastic rate can be significantly lower than the rate of elastic collisions. Moreover, the measurement of the inelastic rate which is a four-body observable, can be an efficient and precise tool for determining three-body observables such as the three-body parameter, positions of Efimov states, and their lifetimes.
We present detailed calculations of bound and scattering states of dimers and trimers of He to produce highly accurate data and to test a non-relativistic three-body code currently in development for public distribution. For these systems, uncertainties and inaccuracies in the fundamental constants frequently used in published works can substantially exceed numerical errors. Our benchmark calculations include specific estimates of the numerical accuracy of the calculations and also explore sensitivity to fundamental constants and their uncertainties. The use of an inexact coupling constant in the previous calculations leads to 0.08% error for the ground state energy, 0.3% error for the excited state energy and up to 0.15% error for the atom–dimer scattering length in the system of three 4 He atoms. The corresponding errors for the asymmetric 4 He 2 3 He system are 0.3% for the bound state energy and 0.03% for the atom–dimer scattering length.