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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Observing wave–particle behavior of entangled atoms in cavity assisted delayed-choice experiment

Danish Ali Hamza, Tasawar Abbas, Muhammad Asjad, Muhammad Imran, Rameez‐ul‐Islam

Published Mar 1, 2022• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A scheme is proposed to study the wave–particle duality of two entangled atoms in a cavity-QED framework. Two atoms may exhibit a mutating trend between particle and wave behaviors. This mutating behavior can be post-selected after the atomic states have been recorded on the state selective detectors. In the present proposal, second Hadamard transformation is always present, whereas the probabilities are the same as that in the case, where the state of the second Hadamard can be controlled by an ancilla. The whole scheme revolves around resonant, off-resonant, and Ramsey interactions of two level atoms with the field. To observe the desired behavior, cavity assisted atom-field multiple swappings are employed for tagging as well as for the better control and good fidelity.

DOI
10.1063/5.0080586

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A scheme is proposed to study the wave–particle duality of two entangled atoms in a cavity-QED framework. Two atoms may exhibit a mutating trend between particle and wave behaviors. This mutating behavior can be post-selected after the atomic states have been recorded on the state selective detectors. In the present proposal, second Hadamard transformation is always present, whereas the probabilities are the same as that in the case, where the state of the second Hadamard can be controlled by an ancilla. The whole scheme revolves around resonant, off-resonant, and Ramsey interactions of two level atoms with the field. To observe the desired behavior, cavity assisted atom-field multiple swappings are employed for tagging as well as for the better control and good fidelity.
We theoretically study wave-particle duality of two entangled photons in the spirit of quantum version of delayed-choice experiments using Hadamard gate controlled by the quantum state of an ancilla and show that the two photons may globally exhibit particle-like, wave-like or simultaneously both particle-like and wave-like behavior. We prove that the obtained results cannot be satisfactorily explained by any hidden-variable theory. We also propose an efficient and experimentally feasible scheme without using any ancilla and controlled-gates to directly (i.e., without postselection) observe the two-photon wave-particle superposed state as well as the continuous transition of their behavior between wave-like one and particle-like one.
Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment delays the decision to observe either the wave or particle behavior of a photon until after it has entered the interferometer, and the quantum delayed-choice experiment provides the possibility of observing the wave and particle behaviors with a single experimental setup by introducing quantum control. We here propose a modified quantum delayed-choice experiment without quantum control or entanglement assistance, in which a photon can be prepared in a wave-particle superposition state and the morphing behavior of wave-to-particle transition can be observed easily. It is demonstrated that the presented scheme can allow us to rule out classical hidden-variable models in a device-independent manner via violating dimension witness. We also extend the scheme to the situation of two degrees of freedom, first constructing a hybrid quantum delayed-choice experiment which enables a photon respectively exhibits wave and particle behaviors in different degrees of freedom, and then proposing a scheme to prepare the single-photon wave-particle entanglement. This study is not only meaningful to explore the wave-particle complementarity of photons, but also provides potential for the research of the single-particle nonlocality from the perspective of the wave-particle degree of freedom.
Abstract In this paper we present a simplified scheme to implement entanglement swapping in the context of cavity QED. The scheme presented here has the advantage of being much simpler than those presented previously, and can easily be adapted to perform the delayed choice for entanglement swapping, thus enabling one to also demonstrate time-like entanglement in the cavity QED domain. In contrast to previous schemes, our proposal uses just one high-Q cavity, besides the usual circular Rydberg atoms, Ramsey zones and selective atomic state detectors. The simplicity of our scheme makes it feasible with current QED technology, making it attractive from the experimental point of view for demonstrating entanglement swapping both in the conventional and in the delayed choice manner.
In this paper, we theoretically study the concept of the wave–particle duality of two entangled neutral Bragg diffracted atoms. This is an extension of a recent study where the same idea was proposed in the photonic setup [Man et al., Sci. Rep. 7, 42539 (2017)] using two independent Mach–Zehnder interferometers. Now, we propose a similar scheme using the cavity-QED based setup, which comprises two independent atomic de Broglie Mach–Zehnder–Bragg interferometers, a source cavity that generates two external momenta state entangled atoms. Once the atoms pass through the source cavity initially prepared in the superposition of zero and one photon, they emerge out of the cavity in entangled momenta state such that if one atom is transmitted to the upper interferometer, then the second atom must traverse the lower interferometer, and vice versa. The final atomic de Broglie beam splitter at the top interferometer is prepared in the superposition of zero and one photon and facilitates observing the wave or particle aspect in a single setting. This entire setup functions in off-resonant Bragg diffraction and the proposed schematics are shown to be experimentally feasible under contemporary research scenarios.
We present a proposal to implement a quantum delayed-choice (QDC) experiment with a single neutral atom, such as a rubidium or cesium atom. In our proposal, a Ramsey interferometer is adopted to observe the wave-like or particle-like behaviors of a single atom depending on the existence or absence of the second π/2-rotation. A quantum-controlled π/2-rotation on target atom is realized through a Rydberg-Rydberg interaction by another ancilla atom. It shows that a heavy neutral atom can also have a morphing behavior between the particle and the wave. The realization of the QDC experiment with such heavy neutral atoms not only is significant to understand the Bohr's complementarity principle in matter-wave and matter-particle domains but also has great potential on the quantum information process with neutral atoms.
Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment demonstrates wave-particle duality of particles using different experimental configurations of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In a quantum version of this experiment, the wave-particle behavior of photons can be observed by controlling presence or absence of the second beam splitter. Here, we implement a delayed-choice experiment with dual selections based on entangled photons, experimentally controlling both of two beam splitters in the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, where the presence and absence of the second beam splitter are simultaneously controlled through path encoding. Our experiment reveals the wave-particle behavior of single photons under different configurations of two beam splitters. We further discuss the scenario when two beam splitters are in a quantum superposition of being present and absent, photons will be in a wave-particle quantum superposition state.