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Chinese Physics B

A novel demodulation method for transmission using nitrogen–vacancy-based solid-state quantum sensor

Ruixin Bai, Xinyue Zhu, Fan Yang, Tianran Gao, Ziran Wang, Lin-Yan Yu, Jinfeng Wang, Li Zhou, Guanxiang Du

Published Feb 17, 2022• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Diamond based quantum sensing is a fast-emerging field with both scientific and technological significance. The nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center, a crystal defect in diamond, has become a unique object for microwave sensing applications due to its excellent stability, long spin coherence time, and optical properties at ambient condition. In this work, we use diamond NV center as atomic receiver to demodulate on–off keying (OOK) signal transmitted in broad frequency range (2 GHz–14 GHz in a portable benchtop setup). We proposed a unique algorithm of voltage discrimination and demonstrated audio signal transceiving with fidelity above 99%. This diamond receiver is attached to the end of a tapered fiber, having all optic nature, which will find important applications in data transmission tasks under extreme conditions such as strong electromagnetic interference, high temperatures, and high corrosion.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/ac5618

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Diamond based quantum sensing is a fast-emerging field with both scientific and technological significance. The nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center, a crystal defect in diamond, has become a unique object for microwave sensing applications due to its excellent stability, long spin coherence time, and optical properties at ambient condition. In this work, we use diamond NV center as atomic receiver to demodulate on–off keying (OOK) signal transmitted in broad frequency range (2 GHz–14 GHz in a portable benchtop setup). We proposed a unique algorithm of voltage discrimination and demonstrated audio signal transceiving with fidelity above 99%. This diamond receiver is attached to the end of a tapered fiber, having all optic nature, which will find important applications in data transmission tasks under extreme conditions such as strong electromagnetic interference, high temperatures, and high corrosion.
Diamond based quantum sensing is a fast-emerging field with both scientific and technological importance. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a crystal defect in diamond, is a unique model system for microwave sensing application due to its excellent photo-stability, long spin coherence time in ambient conditions. In this work, we systematically optimized the measurement parameters for microwave sensing. The system noise is analyzed, and 1/f noise is suppressed by introducing a differential algorithm. The gain of avalanche photodiode and the gating window of the pulsed fluorescence is optimized to further suppress the noise floor. The decoherence of spin is characterized by varying the duration of the laser and microwave. The minimal detectable power on a standard microstrip is characterized with sampling time down to 1 ms, showing flat frequency dependence. The results have important implications toward fast measurement of broadband microwave power, especially in the field of IC testing and radar signal processing under intense electromagnetic interference.
Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers are point defects in diamond that allow magnetic field sensing based on Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR). They are processed in ultrapure single-domain CVD grown diamond crystals and can be operated at room temperature. This results in solid-state sensors with a wide variety of applications. Ensemble of NV centers can be used to perform wide-field magnetic imaging with sensitivity in the nT range. Single NV centers can also be processed, which allows sensing at the atomic scale. This possibility, combined with its unique coherence properties, make NV center an ideal candidate for quantum sensing.
Abstract Solid state spins have demonstrated significant potential in quantum sensing with applications including fundamental science, medical diagnostics and navigation. The quantum sensing schemes showing best performance under ambient conditions all utilize microwave or radio-frequency driving, which poses a significant limitation for miniaturization, energy efficiency, and non-invasiveness of quantum sensors. We overcome this limitation by demonstrating a purely optical approach to coherent quantum sensing. Our scheme involves the 15N nuclear spin of the Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center in diamond as a sensing resource, and exploits NV spin dynamics in oblique magnetic fields near the NV’s excited state level anti-crossing to optically pump the nuclear spin into a quantum superposition state. We demonstrate all-optical free-induction decay measurements—the key protocol for low-frequency quantum sensing—both on single spins and spin ensembles. Our results pave the way for highly compact quantum sensors to be employed for magnetometry or gyroscopy applications in challenging environments.
The physical properties of diamond crystals, such as color or electrical conductivity, can be controlled via impurities. In particular, when doped with nitrogen, optically active nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV), can be induced. The center is an outstanding quantum spin system that enables, under ambient conditions, optical initialization, readout, and coherent microwave control with applications in sensing and quantum information. Under optical and radio frequency excitation, the Zeeman splitting of the degenerate states allows the quantitative measurement of external magnetic fields with high sensitivity. This study provides a pedagogical introduction to the properties of the NV centers as well as a step-by-step process to develop and test a simple magnetic quantum sensor based on color centers with significant potential for the development of highly compact multisensor systems.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in single-crystal CVD diamond are promising candidates for quantum sensing due to their remarkable optical and spin properties [1]. These defects exhibit stable photoluminescence (PL), long spin coherence times, and high sensitivity to external fields [2]. In this study, we present a room-temperature PL characterization of NV centers excited with a 532 nm laser. The setup was optimized for high signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution. Key parameters analyzed include emission intensity, zero-phonon line (ZPL) at ~637 nm, phonon sidebands, and the charge state distribution between NV⁰ and NV⁻. The NV⁻ state, crucial for spin-based sensing, is evaluated to understand its stability under different nitrogen doping conditions [3]. The relative intensities of NV⁰ and NV⁻ provide insights into nitrogen incorporation and vacancy formation. These results contribute to optimizing synthesis conditions for enhanced NV⁻ concentration, supporting the advancement of diamond-based quantum sensing technologies.
In modern-day quantum metrology, quantum sensors are widely employed to detect weak magnetic fields or nanoscale signals. Quantum devices, exploiting quantum coherence, are inevitably connected to physical constants and can achieve accuracy, repeatability, and precision approaching fundamental limits. As a result, these sensors have shown utility in a wide range of research domains spanning both science and technology. A rapidly emerging quantum sensing platform employs atomic-scale defects in crystals. In particular, magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond has garnered increasing interest. NV systems possess a combination of remarkable properties, optical addressability, long coherence times, and biocompatibility. Sensors based on NV centers excel in spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity. These diamond-based sensors promise comparable combination of high spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity without cryogenic operation. The above properties of NV magnetometers promise increasingly integrated quantum measurement technology, as a result, they have been extensively developed with various protocols and find use in numerous applications spanning materials characterization, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), condensed matter physics, paleomagnetism, neuroscience and living systems biology, and industrial vector magnetometry. In this chapter, NV centers are explored for magnetic sensing in a number of contexts. In general, we introduce novel regimes for magnetic-field probes with NV ensembles. Specifically, NV centers are developed for sensitive magnetometers for applications where microwaves (MWs) are prohibitively invasive and operations need to be carried out under zero ambient magnetic field. The primary goal of our discussion is to improve the utility of these NV center-based magnetometers.