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National Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO)

Effect of Amplification on Microwave Based Quantum Radar Systems

Murat Can Karakoç, Özgün Ersoy, Asaf Behzat Şahın

Published Nov 25, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum radar systems have an important advantages compared to the classical radar systems especially in a highly noisy environment. The superiority of the quantum radar comes from the quantum mechanical phenomenon named as entanglement. These quantum radar systems have been also studied experimentally on both optical and microwave domains. Amplifiers are the necessary part of both classical and quantum radar systems. In this paper, the effect of phase-sensitive amplification has been simulated in microwave based quantum radar systems. Apart from the studies from the literature symmetric and asymmetric amplification for both transmitted and retained signals have been simulated in this analysis.

DOI
10.23919/eleco54474.2021.9677824

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Quantum radar systems have an important advantages compared to the classical radar systems especially in a highly noisy environment. The superiority of the quantum radar comes from the quantum mechanical phenomenon named as entanglement. These quantum radar systems have been also studied experimentally on both optical and microwave domains. Amplifiers are the necessary part of both classical and quantum radar systems. In this paper, the effect of phase-sensitive amplification has been simulated in microwave based quantum radar systems. Apart from the studies from the literature symmetric and asymmetric amplification for both transmitted and retained signals have been simulated in this analysis.
Quantum radar is an alternative to classical radar for target detection. Quantum radar systems utilize a quantum physics term known as quantum entanglement for target detection, which has higher correlation that cannot be achieved by classical sources. The results of the quantum radar analysis have shown that employing a pair of entangled sources has an advantage about a 6 dB in target detection compared to the classical counterpart. These analyses have also been tested experimentally in both optical and microwave frequency domains. These experimental setups have shown that this supremacy level might be achieved under ideal conditions, but it is not possible with the current experimental setups. Nevertheless, employment of quantum physics laws is a new field of study for engineering discipline, with the development of measurement instruments researchers might reach this superiority level.
Quantum radar represents a promising advancement over classical radar systems by exploiting quantum mechanical phenomena such as entanglement and quantum measurement to overcome fundamental detection limitations. This paper reviews the evolution of radar technology from conventional radar frequency systems to quantum radar architectures, with emphasis on sensitivity enhancement and detection of RF-stealth targets for military defense applications. Classical radar parameters such as radar range, transmitted power and cross section are revisited and extended to their quantum analogues. The role of entangled single photon sources in improving detection performance under high noise and jamming environments is discussed. Context of microwave quantum radar is reviewed along with photonic implementations. This paper further highlights the importance of quantum measurement theory, including system-apparatus entanglement, density matrix formalism and wave function collapse in extracting information from quantum radar systems. Although significant experimental challenges remain, recent advances indicate strong potential for future development of quantum radar in next generation defense and surveillance systems.
This paper provides a detailed exploration of quantum radar technology, focusing on the generation, measurement, and theoretical analysis of quantum-correlated signals in both optical and microwave domains. We examine the mechanisms behind producing entangled signals and their application to improve radar sensitivity and accuracy in noisy environments. A review of key studies is presented, with emphasis on their experimental setups and the limitations that define the potential of quantum radar. By aggregating data on object detection range and analyzing global research trends through visualizations, including a bar chart and a world map, we illustrate the growing interest and research efforts in this domain. Our findings highlight the significant advancements and remaining challenges in developing practical quantum radar systems, as well as the worldwide collaboration driving progress in this cutting-edge field.
We describe an experiment which comes very close to implementing a quantum radar based on entangled microwaves. A pair of entangled microwave beams are generated using a Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA) and measured by a pair of digitizers after amplification. We present a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the case where the signal power at the digitizers is −83.84 dBm (corresponding to a JPA power output, before amplification, of −148.26 dBm), as well as for a classically correlated source which attempts to approximate the covariance structure of the entangled JPA signals. The entangled signals are seen to be clearly superior to the classically correlated signals. Although the latter is still interesting from a noise radar perspective, this demonstrates that attempting to simulate entanglement with classical signals causes a measurable decrease in correlation. Our experiment validates the feasibility and desirability of a microwave quantum radar.
In this study, some important parts of a quantum radar are designed using the quantum electrodynamics theory and significantly focused on entanglement conservation. Quantum radar is generally defined as a detection sensor that utilizes the microwave photons like a classical radar and simultaneously employs quantum phenomena to improve detection, identification, and resolution capabilities. However, the entanglement is so fragile, unstable, and difficult to preserve for a long time. Also, more importantly, the entangled states have a tendency to leak away due to the noise. The points mentioned enforces that the entangled states should be carefully studied at each step of the quantum radar detection processes such as the creation of the entangled photons in the tripartite system, the amplification of the photons, the propagation into the atmosphere, and the reflection from the target. At each step, the parameters related to the real mediums and target material can affect the entangled states to leak away easily. The results of simulations indicate that the features of the tripartite system and amplifier are so important to lead the detected photons to remain entangled with the optical modes. Nonetheless, it is found that a lot of entangled photons lose the related non-classical correlation.
Quantum illumination radars rely on quantum sources of two-mode squeezing vacuum to produce signals with quantum-enhanced correlations. The recent demonstration of quantum radar transmitters in the laboratory has shown promising progress in the technology. Amplification of the faint quantum signals is however necessary in order to make quantum radars practical. Here we discuss the possibility of amplifying quantum signals while preserving a quantum advantage. We find that amplifying both signals equally cannot beat an ideal source of classically correlated signals, but does provide a quantum advantage over noisy classical sources. We also briefly discuss other amplifications scheme that may provide further enhancements.