Quantum Systems

Y. S. Kim, L. M. Tomilchik, И. Д. Феранчук +1 more

Liu Ai, Meng Sun

As a quantum counterpart of labeled transition system (LTS), quantum labeled transition system (QLTS) is a powerful formalism for modeling quantum programs or protocols, and gives a categorical understanding for quantum computation. With the help of quantum branching monad, QLTS provides a framework extending some ideas in non-deterministic or probabilistic systems to quantum systems. On the other hand, quantum finite automata (QFA) emerged as a very elegant and simple model for resolving some quantum computational problems. In this paper, we propose the notion of reactive quantum system (RQS), a variant of QLTS capturing reactive system behavior, and develop a coalgebraic semantics for QLTS, RQS and QFA by an endofunctor on the category of convex sets, which has a final coalgebra. Such a coalgebraic semantics provides a unifying abstract interpretation for QLTS, RQS and QFA. The notions of bisimulation and simulation can be employed to compare the behavior of different types of quantum systems and judge whether a coalgebra can be behaviorally simulated by another.

Hermann Haken

Shanon L. Vuglar, Ian R. Petersen

Physical Realizability addresses the question of whether it is possible to implement a given LTI system as a quantum system. It is in general not true that a given synthesized quantum controller described by a set of stochastic differential equations is equivalent to some physically meaningful quantum system. However, if additional quantum noises are permitted in the implementation it is always possible to implement an arbitrary LTI system as a quantum system. In this paper we give an expression for the exact number of noises required to implement a given LTI system as a quantum system. Furthermore, we focus our attention on proving that this is a minimum, that is, it is not possible to implement the system as a quantum system with a smaller number of additional quantum noises.

Howard M. Wiseman, Gerard J Milburn

Introduction As discussed in Chapter 1, to understand the general evolution, conditioned and unconditioned, of a quantum system, it is necessary to consider coupling it to a second quantum system. In the case in which the second system is much larger than the first, it is often referred to as a bath, reservoir or environment , and the first system is called an open system . The study of open quantum systems is important to quantum measurement for two reasons. First, all real systems are open to some extent, and the larger a system is, the more important its coupling to its environment will be. For a macroscopic system, such coupling leads to very rapid decoherence . Roughly, this term means the irreversible loss of quantum coherence, that is the conversion of a quantum superposition into a classical mixture. This process is central to understanding the emergence of classical behaviour and ameliorating, if not solving, the so-called quantum measurement problem . The second reason why open quantum systems are important is in the context of generalized quantum measurement theory as introduced in Chapter 1. Recall from there that, by coupling a quantum system to an ‘apparatus’ (a second quantum system) and then measuring the apparatus, a generalized measurement on the system is realized. For an open quantum system, the coupling to the environment is typically continuous (present at all times).