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Contributions to Mathematics

Dirac quantization with constraints within intrinsic geometry

Paul Bracken

Published May 1, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

For motion constrained to a two-dimensional surface in three-dimensional Euclidean space, motion with respect to intrinsic geometry is quantized.The case of the helicoid is investigated here which is a minimal surface.It is shown how quantization can be carried out by including a geometrically induced potential and correction in the Hamiltonian.

DOI
10.47443/cm.2021.0023

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For motion constrained to a two-dimensional surface in three-dimensional Euclidean space, motion with respect to intrinsic geometry is quantized.The case of the helicoid is investigated here which is a minimal surface.It is shown how quantization can be carried out by including a geometrically induced potential and correction in the Hamiltonian.
For a non-relativistic particle that freely moves on a curved surface, the fundamental commutation relations between positions and momenta are insufficient to uniquely determine the operator form of the momenta. With introduction of more commutation relations between positions and Hamiltonian and those between momenta and Hamiltonian, our recent sequential studies imply that the Cartesian system of coordinates is physically preferable, consistent with Dirac' observation. In present paper, we study quantization problem of the motion constrained on the two-dimensional sphere and develop a discriminant that can be used to show how the quantization within the intrinsic geometry is improper. Two kinds of parameterization of the spherical surface are explicitly invoked to investigate the quantization problem within the intrinsic geometry.
Using the projection operator method, the quantization of a dynamical system constrained to a submanifold MN−1 embedded in the Euclidean space RN is investigated. The resultant Hamiltonian contains the quantum correction terms which are missed in the usual approach with Dirac's formalism. Such correction terms are investigated from a geometrical point of view in the case that the system is constrained to a 2-dimensional orientatable compact curved spaces M2 embedded in R3. It is shown that the curvatures of these submanifolds are closely related to the quantum correction terms.
When quantum mechanical motion of a particle constrained to a curved surface in the Euclidean space is considered, three different approaches may be adopted to describe the system. One is the confining approach which enforces a particle to stay in the surface by a physical confining potential. Both of the others follow Dirac's general prescription to treat a constrained system, but employ different constraints, namely the usual and the conservative constraints, respectively. The three approaches lead to results which do not in general agree with each other, though they give the same classical equation of motion. It is emphasized that the arbitrariness in the ordering of operators cannot be avoided when the latter two approaches are adopted. In the approach with the conservative constraint, however, there is a physical ordering, which leads to the result in agreement with that of the confining approach. We interpret these discrepancy and agreement in simple physical terms.
Abstract A fundamental problem regarding the Dirac quantization of a free particle on an ( ) curved hypersurface embedded in N flat space is the impossibility to give the same form of the curvature‐induced quantum potential, the geometric potential as commonly called, as that given by the Schrödinger equation method where the particle moves in a region confined by a thin‐layer sandwiching the surface. This problem is resolved by means of a previously proposed scheme that hypothesizes a simultaneous quantization of positions, momenta, and Hamiltonian, among which the operator‐ordering‐free section is identified and is then found sufficient to lead to the expected form of geometric potential.
Abstract Geometric momentum is the appropriate momentum for a particle constrained to move on a curved surface, which depends on the extrinsic curvature and leads to observable effects, and curvature-induced quantum potentials appear for a nonrelativistic free particle on the surface. In the context of multi-component quantum states, the geometric momentum should be rewritten as a generally covariant geometric momentum, which contains an additional term defined as the gauge potential. For a Dirac fermion constrained on a two-dimensional hypersurface, we derive the generally covariant geometric momentum, and demonstrate that no curvature-induced geometric potentials arise on a pseudosphere or a helical surface. The dynamical quantization conditions are verified to be effective in dealing with constrained systems on hypersurfaces, enabling the derivation of both the generally convariant geometric momentum and the geometric potential for a spin particle constrained on parametrically defined surfaces.