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Quantum Information and Measurement (QIM)

Cost and routing of CV quantum networks

Federico Centrone, Frédéric Grosshans, Valentina Parigi

Published Jan 1, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate the capabilities provided by highly multimode entangled quantum systems with arbitrary shapes, evaluate the cost of their experimental realization and devise an entanglement routing protocol to allow quantum communications between arbitrary nodes.
DOI
10.1364/qim.2021.w3b.2

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Entanglement is an essential resource at the heart of quantum information processing and quantum metrology. Moreover, multimode entanglement is necessary for the fabrication of complex quantum networks, in which entanglement is distributed among several quantum modes. The nodes of the network are made from quantum modes, which are the fundamental information carriers, and these nodes are interconnected by a series of channels through which the information flows. Multimode entanglement is traditionally viewed as many-body correlations, in which the nodes are spatially separated and can be measured individually. In our multimode resource, all of the modes travel together within a single laser beam [1]. This co-propagation of modes enables us to construct on-demand quantum networks via arbitrary shaping within the measurement process.
Establishing a high-rate, cost-effective, and secure quantum communication network is critical for developing the quantum internet. A promising approach is to place a complex and expensive entangled source at a shared central node, which allows for efficient utilization of quantum resources in constructing a star-shaped downstream quantum access network. In this study, we propose a continuous-variable quantum passive optical network (CV-QPON) that employs a shared entangled source. We evaluate the network's security under two scenarios: one with a fully characterized entangled source and the other with a partially characterized entangled source. Both scenarios involve practical mixed entangled states. By combining the biased basis scheme, the renovated protocol outperforms the previous coherent state protocols in the secret key rate, transmission distance, the number of supported users, and tolerable excess noise. The results indicate that for a fully characterized entangled source, even at a transmission distance of 50 km, a moderate entangled source with 7 dB squeezing can still support up to 256 users accessing the network. Our scheme for a partially characterized entangled source relaxes the security assumptions regarding the central node, which is crucial for the downstream CV-QPON system. In this case, a 7 dB squeezing entangled source achieves a positive key rate for 64 users over a 30 km transmission distance, and it can even support up to 128 users at a 10 km transmission distance. With a 10 dB squeezing entangled source, 256 users can still be supported at a 30 km transmission distance. Furthermore, we analyze the protocol's security in the finite-size scenario and identify an optimal biased basis ratio that maximizes the key rate of the protocol. Given the rapid advancements in integrated entangled sources, our scheme offers a promising pathway for developing low-cost, high-rate, high-security, and large-scale quantum communication networks.
Large-scale operations in quantum networks require efficient sorting of desired paths between nodes. In this article, we consider entanglement routing, which involves establishing an entanglement link between specific nodes in a large network of bosonic nodes. The networks are continuous-variable graph states built from finite squeezing and passive linear optics, shaped by complex network structures that mimic real-world networks. We construct a bipartite routing protocol with the specific goal of establishing a teleportation channel between two clients via passive optics operations locally operated by two different providers sharing the network. We provide criteria for extracting the aforementioned channel and, through the use of a derandomised evolutionary algorithm, extend the existing framework to study complex graph topologies.