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European Quantum Electronics Conference (EQEC)

Simulating quantum optical networks with ultrafast pulse shaping

Yin Cai, Jonathan Roslund, Claude Fabre, Nicolas Treps

Published Jun 21, 2015• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Entanglement is an essential resource at the heart of quantum information processing and quantum metrology. Moreover, multimode entanglement is necessary for the fabrication of complex quantum networks, in which entanglement is distributed among several quantum modes. The nodes of the network are made from quantum modes, which are the fundamental information carriers, and these nodes are interconnected by a series of channels through which the information flows. Multimode entanglement is traditionally viewed as many-body correlations, in which the nodes are spatially separated and can be measured individually. In our multimode resource, all of the modes travel together within a single laser beam [1]. This co-propagation of modes enables us to construct on-demand quantum networks via arbitrary shaping within the measurement process.

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Entanglement is an essential resource at the heart of quantum information processing and quantum metrology. Moreover, multimode entanglement is necessary for the fabrication of complex quantum networks, in which entanglement is distributed among several quantum modes. The nodes of the network are made from quantum modes, which are the fundamental information carriers, and these nodes are interconnected by a series of channels through which the information flows. Multimode entanglement is traditionally viewed as many-body correlations, in which the nodes are spatially separated and can be measured individually. In our multimode resource, all of the modes travel together within a single laser beam [1]. This co-propagation of modes enables us to construct on-demand quantum networks via arbitrary shaping within the measurement process.
Envisioned large-scale quantum networks demand the ability to rapidly distribute and store entanglement between remote matter-based nodes using photons [1] . The minimum time required to distribute entanglement between two nodes is the time it takes light to travel between them, which over 100 km distance already 0.33 ms. The speed of light thus sets a fundamental limit on the achievable entanglement distribution rate: with a single quantum emitter in a node, one has to wait for the photon travel time before trying again with a new photon for any application that would require also classical communication (e.g. to realize a quantum repeater) [2] . Over 100 km of fiber, this limits the entanglement distribution attempt rate to 2 kHz and, given 1.5% transmission in the best telecom fibres, a success rate of 30 Hz. This is a general problem for entanglement distribution over long distances as far higher rates are critical for the practical realisation of quantum networks and their applications. To overcome this limit, several entanglement distribution attempts have to be done in parallel. This requires multiple modes of the node (memory qubits) to couple selectively to the multiple modes of the link.
Network theory has played a dominant role in understanding the structure of complex systems and their dynamics. Recently, quantum complex networks, i.e. collections of quantum systems arranged in a non-regular topology, have been theoretically explored leading to significant progress in a multitude of diverse contexts including, e.g., quantum transport, open quantum systems, quantum communication, extreme violation of local realism, and quantum gravity theories. Despite important progress in several quantum platforms, the implementation of complex networks with arbitrary topology in quantum experiments is still a demanding task, especially if we require both a significant size of the network and the capability of generating arbitrary topology—from regular to any kind of non-trivial structure—in a single setup. Here we propose an all optical and reconfigurable implementation of quantum complex networks. The experimental proposal is based on optical frequency combs, parametric processes, pulse shaping and multimode measurements allowing the arbitrary control of the number of the nodes (optical modes) and topology of the links (interactions between the modes) within the network. Moreover, we also show how to simulate quantum dynamics within the network combined with the ability to address its individual nodes. To demonstrate the versatility of these features, we discuss the implementation of two recently proposed probing techniques for quantum complex networks and structured environments.
Entanglement between large numbers of quantum modes is the quintessential resource for future technologies such as the quantum internet. Conventionally, the generation of multimode entanglement in optics requires complex layouts of beamsplitters and phase shifters in order to transform the input modes into entangled modes. Here we report the highly versatile and efficient generation of various multimode entangled states with the ability to switch between different linear optics networks in real time. By defining our modes to be combinations of different spatial regions of one beam, we may use just one pair of multi-pixel detectors in order to measure multiple entangled modes. We programme virtual networks that are fully equivalent to the physical linear optics networks they are emulating. We present results for N=2 up to N=8 entangled modes here, including N=2, 3, 4 cluster states. Our approach introduces the highly sought after attributes of flexibility and scalability to multimode entanglement. Multi-partite entanglement is essential not only to understand large quantum ensembles but also to build useful quantum technologies. Armstronget al. demonstrate multimode entanglement of up to eight modes using programmable virtual networks based on linear optics that can be switched in real time.