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Matematičeskie struktury i modelirovanie

Физические основы и проблемы технической реализации квантового компьютера

Вахний Татьяна Владимировна, Гуц Александр Константинович

Published Jan 1, 2011• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The review of different approaches to creation of the quantum computer is given. The main problems of technical realization and prospect of each of approaches are discussed. It is paid attention to researches of behavior of quantum computers by means of the simulators which are based on classical computers.

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At all stages of the development of information technology, much attention has been paid tothe issues of modeling functioning specialized high-performance computing systems, which make itpossible to provide the necessary performance indicators in combination with minimized costs ofsoftware resources and energy consumption. The developed information system, focused on human-machine interaction, allows you to clearly see the strengths and weaknesses of the developedquantum computing device, to prove the advantages of its use. The developed modeling informationsystem is a visual aid for understanding the main methods of interaction between informationprocesses and information resources. A number of the most important problems cannot besolved using classical computers, including classical supercomputers, in a reasonable time. Recently,there has been a surge in interest in quantum computers. This article is devoted to solvingthe problem of research and development of a circuit and a simulation technique for a hardwareaccelerator of quantum computing. The work touches upon the problems of research and development of methods for the functioning of quantum circuits and models of quantum computing devices.The relevance of these studies lies in the mathematical and software modeling and implementationof the fundamental components of quantum computing models. The scientific novelty ofthis direction is expressed in the optimization of the quantum computational process. The scientificnovelty of this area is primarily expressed in the constant updating and supplementing of the fieldof quantum research in a number of areas. The aim of this work is to implement a technique forconstructing a hardware accelerator. The technical support of the information quantum systemand processes has been implemented, including new software for the transmission and presentationof information. The use of a quantum computing information system differs from its counterpartsby a significant increase in the speed of solving computational problems and, most importantly,by an exponential increase in the speed of solving NP-complete problems that can besolved on classical machines in unacceptable time. Due to the fact that the class of NP problems iswide, the applicability and significance of the developed method for constructing a modular systemof quantum computing is beyond doubt.
Quantum computing is still a developing, but an extremely promising area. The article lays out the main ideas behind quantum computing in simple terms. The topic of quantum computers based on qudits - multidimensional analogues of qubits, which have recently received much attention due to their efficiency, is also covered The fundamentals of quantum mechanics, which are necessary for understanding the principles of operation of a quantum computer, such concepts as qubits and qudits, linear operators, the measurement process, etc are introduced. As an example of quantum computing, the principle of operation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm, one of the first quantum algorithms to demonstrate their advantages, and its generalization to qudits, are analyzed in detail. The process of writing the simplest quantum computer emulator in the Python programming language is described step by step. The emulator operates with an arbitrary number of qubits and allows you to apply arbitrary operators to them and carry out multiple measurements of the final state of the qubit. A generalization of this emulator for working with qudits is given after that. To demonstrate the emulator we have written, we present programs that implement the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm and its generalizations on it, and test them. Квантовые вычисления — это развивающаяся и чрезвычайно перспективная область. В статье простыми словами изложены основные идеи, лежащие в основе квантовых вычислений. Также освещается тема квантовых компьютеров на основе кубитов - многомерных аналогов кубитов, которым в последнее время уделяется большое внимание благодаря их эффективности. Вводятся основы квантовой механики, которые необходимы для понимания принципов работы квантового компьютера, такие понятия, как кубиты и кудиты, линейные операторы, процесс измерения и т.д. В качестве примера квантовых вычислений подробно анализируются принцип работы алгоритма Дойча-Йожа, одного из первых квантовых алгоритмов, продемонстрировавшего свои преимущества, и его обобщение на кудиты. Пошагово описан процесс написания простейшего эмулятора квантового компьютера на языке программирования Python. Эмулятор работает с произвольным количеством кубитов и позволяет применять к ним произвольные операторы и проводить множественные измерения конечного состояния кубита. После этого дается обобщение этого эмулятора для работы с кудитами. Чтобы продемонстрировать написанный нами эмулятор, мы представляем программы, реализующие алгоритм Дойча-Йожа и его обобщения на нем, и тестируем их.
The urgency of conducting research in the field of quantum informatics is grounded. Promising areas of research are highlighted. For foreign and Russian publications and materials, a review of the main scientific results that characterize the current state of research in quantum computer science is made. It is noted that knowledge and funds are invested most intensively in the development of the architecture of a quantum computer and its elements. Despite the fact that today there is no information on the creation of a physical implementation of a quantum computer comparable in functionality to a classical digital computer, the development of quantum algorithms is one of the popular areas of research. An advantage of quantum algorithms is the fact that they reduce the time required to solve the problem due to the parallelization of operations by generating entangled quantum states and their subsequent use. This advantage (quantum acceleration) is most important when solving the problem of modeling the dynamics of complex systems and enumerated mathematical problems. (The general case of enumeration is the Grover scheme and its variants; the tasks of searching for hidden periods: Shor's scheme of using the fast quantum Fourier transform and its analogues.) The demand for cybersecurity developments (search for vulnerabilities in smart spaces, secure storage and use of big data, quantum cryptography) is noted. More than a dozen articles are devoted to quantum algorithms of key search, key distribution on optical fibers of various lengths, and the analysis of quantum resources necessary for conducting a cyber attack. In the field of artificial quantum intelligence, attention is paid, first of all, to the “search” for a model of a quantum neural network that is optimal from the point of view of using all the advantages presented by quantum computing and neural networks, as well as machine learning algorithms. Examples of the use of quantum computing in cognitive and social sciences for studying the decision-making mechanism with incomplete data are given. It is concluded that quantum informatics is promising for the simulation of complex natural and artificial phenomena and processes.