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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics

Micron-thick spectroscopic cells for studying the Paschen-Back regime on the hyperfine structure of cesium atoms

Armen D. Sargsyan, B. Glushko, David G. Sarkisyan

Published Apr 1, 2015• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that the use of spectroscopic cells of micron thickness (L = 10–50 μm) allows one to effectively study the behavior of individual levels of the Cs D 2 line in strong magnetic fields up to 9 kG. In particular, the absorption spectrum of Cs excited by circularly polarized light in fields above 8 kG consists of two fully separated groups, each containing eight atomic transitions. The intensities of atomic transitions and their frequency slopes (vs. magnetic field) in each group are almost the same. The physical explanation for the observed features is given; in particular, it is shown that one of the 54 possible atomic transitions in moderate magnetic fields (denoted F g = 4, m F = 4 → F e = 5, m F = 5) has unique characteristics that make it possible to predict the intensities and frequency slopes of seven atomic transitions in the same group. Practical applications of devices based on micrometric-thin cells in strong magnetic fields are considered.

DOI
10.1134/s1063776115040159

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It is shown that the use of spectroscopic cells of micron thickness (L = 10–50 μm) allows one to effectively study the behavior of individual levels of the Cs D 2 line in strong magnetic fields up to 9 kG. In particular, the absorption spectrum of Cs excited by circularly polarized light in fields above 8 kG consists of two fully separated groups, each containing eight atomic transitions. The intensities of atomic transitions and their frequency slopes (vs. magnetic field) in each group are almost the same. The physical explanation for the observed features is given; in particular, it is shown that one of the 54 possible atomic transitions in moderate magnetic fields (denoted F g = 4, m F = 4 → F e = 5, m F = 5) has unique characteristics that make it possible to predict the intensities and frequency slopes of seven atomic transitions in the same group. Practical applications of devices based on micrometric-thin cells in strong magnetic fields are considered.
A one-dimensional nano-metric-thin cell (NC) filled with potassium metal has been built and used to study optical atomic transitions in external magnetic fields. These studies benefit from the remarkable features of the NC allowing one to use and λ methods for effective investigations of individual transitions of the K D 1 line. The methods are based on strong narrowing of the absorption spectrum of the atomic column of thickness L equal to and to λ (with being the resonant laser radiation wavelength). In particular, for a π -polarized radiation excitation the λ -method allows us to resolve eight atomic transitions (in two groups of four atomic transitions) and to reveal two remarkable transitions that we call guiding transitions (GT). The probabilities of all other transitions inside the group (as well as the frequency slope vs . magnetic field) tend to the probability and to the slope of GT. Note that for circular polarization there is one group of four transitions and GT do not exist. Among eight transitions there are also two transitions (forbidden for ) with the probabilities undergoing strong modification under the influence of magnetic fields. Practically the complete hyperfine Paschen-Back regime is observed at relatively low magnetic fields. Note that for the K D 2 line GT are absent. Theoretical models describe the experiment very well.
Abstract Selective reflection of a laser radiation from an interface formed by a dielectric window and a potassium atomic vapour confined in a nano-cell with 350 nm gap thickness is implemented for the first time to study the atomic transitions of K D 2 line in external magnetic fields. In moderate B -fields, there are 44 individual Zeeman transitions which reduce to two groups (one formed by σ + , the other one by σ − circularly-polarised light), each containing eight atomic transitions, as the magnetic field increases. Each of these groups contains one so-called ‘guiding’ transition whose particularities are to have a probability (intensity) as well as a frequency shift slope (in MHz G −1 ) that are constant in the whole range of 0–10 kG magnetic fields. In the case of π -polarised laser radiation, among eight transitions, two are forbidden at B = 0, yet their probabilities undergo a giant modification under the influence of a magnetic field. We demonstrate that for B -fields > 165 G a complete hyperfine Paschen–Back regime is observed. Other peculiarities of K D 2 line behaviour in magnetic field are also presented. We show a very good agreement between theoretical calculations and experiments. The recording of the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime of K D 2 line with high spectral resolution is demonstrated for the first time.
Abstract Atomic transitions of 39K, D2 line are studied in strong longitudinal magnetic fields, up to 1000 G, with a high spectral resolution. The saturated absorption (SA) method was used in a micro-cell filled with K vapors with a thickness of L= 30 µm. A double differentiation of the SA spectrum was carried out, which made it possible to obtain narrow (~50 MHz) atomic lines and study individual transition frequency and probabilistic behavior. Among alkali metals, the K atoms have the smallest hyperfine splitting of the ground levels. This allows one to observe the break of the coupling between the electronic total angular momentum J and nuclear I angular momentums at relatively low magnetic fields B > 300 G. In the case of using circularly polarized radiation (σ+ or σ–), two groups (each consisting of four) equidistantly located total eight atomic transitions are recorded in strong magnetic fields. The experimental results are well described by a known theoretical model.
We show that the Faraday rotation (FR) in strong longitudinal magnetic fields is a convenient tool to study atomic transitions by using the D1 line in a Cs vapour confined in a nanocell of thickness L≈450 nm. We use strong magnetic fields ranging from 0.1 to 6 kG, in which Cs atomic transitions are split into a large number of components, and FR signals of spectral width of ∼ 50 MHz are frequency-resolved allowing the investigation of individual transitions. For magnetic fields of several kG, the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime is reached that is manifested by the presence in the spectrum of the eight FR components having the amplitudes of the same height and located with almost equidistant frequencies. A remarkable feature of FR spectrum is the proportionality of its amplitude to the probability of an atomic transition in a strong magnetic field. A theoretical model which agrees well with the experiment is developed.
Atomic transitions of the 39 K potassium isotope in strong (up to 1 kG) longitudinal and transverse magnetic fields have been studied with a high spectral resolution. It has been shown that crossover resonances are almost absent in the saturated absorption spectrum of potassium vapors in a 30-μm-thick microcell. This, together with the small spectral width of atomic transitions (~30 MHz), allows one to use the saturated absorption spectrum for determining frequencies and probabilities of individual transitions. Among the alkali metals, potassium atoms have the smallest magnitude of the hyperfine splitting of the lower level. This allows one to observe the break of the coupling between the electronic and nuclear angular momentums at comparatively low magnetic fields B > 500 G, i.e., to implement the hyperfine Paschen–Back regime (HPB). In the HPB regime, four equidistantly positioned transitions with the same amplitude are detected in circularly polarized light (σ + ). In linearly polarized light (π) at the transverse orientation of the magnetic field, the spectrum consists of eight lines which are grouped in two groups each of which consists of four lines. Each group has a special distinguished G-transition and the transition that is forbidden in the zero magnetic field. In the HPB regime, the probabilities of transitions in a group and derivatives of their frequency shifts with respect to the magnetic field asymptotically tend to magnitudes that are typical for the aforesaid distinguished G-transition. Some practical applications for the used microcell are mentioned.
Abstract In strong magnetic fields (0.1–6 kG), many atomic lines closely spaced in frequency appear in the absorption spectrum of alkali metal vapors. Due to the small frequency interval between them and the Doppler broadening of the atomic lines, they are overlapped. For spectral separation and study of individual atomic lines, it is necessary to ensure their spectral narrowing. It is shown that this can be done using the saturated absorption method in an atomic vapor contained in a 30 μm-thick cell filled with Rb vapor. All 10 atomic transitions of Rb D1 line are spectrally very well resolved in the second derivative of the saturated absorption spectrum. Complete resolution of atomic transitions makes this method useful for the determination of a wide range of magnetic fields. The theoretical curves describe the experimental results very well.