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Optical Memory and Neural Networks

Micrometric-Thin Cell Filled with Rb Vapor for High-Resolution Atomic Spectroscopy

Rodolphe Momier, Armen D. Sargsyan, A. Tonoyan, Claude Leroy, David G. Sarkisyan

Published Dec 1, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract In strong magnetic fields (0.1–6 kG), many atomic lines closely spaced in frequency appear in the absorption spectrum of alkali metal vapors. Due to the small frequency interval between them and the Doppler broadening of the atomic lines, they are overlapped. For spectral separation and study of individual atomic lines, it is necessary to ensure their spectral narrowing. It is shown that this can be done using the saturated absorption method in an atomic vapor contained in a 30 μm-thick cell filled with Rb vapor. All 10 atomic transitions of Rb D1 line are spectrally very well resolved in the second derivative of the saturated absorption spectrum. Complete resolution of atomic transitions makes this method useful for the determination of a wide range of magnetic fields. The theoretical curves describe the experimental results very well.

DOI
10.3103/s1060992x23070135

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Optics and Spectroscopy•Mar 23, 2004•10 citations
Abstract In strong magnetic fields (0.1–6 kG), many atomic lines closely spaced in frequency appear in the absorption spectrum of alkali metal vapors. Due to the small frequency interval between them and the Doppler broadening of the atomic lines, they are overlapped. For spectral separation and study of individual atomic lines, it is necessary to ensure their spectral narrowing. It is shown that this can be done using the saturated absorption method in an atomic vapor contained in a 30 μm-thick cell filled with Rb vapor. All 10 atomic transitions of Rb D1 line are spectrally very well resolved in the second derivative of the saturated absorption spectrum. Complete resolution of atomic transitions makes this method useful for the determination of a wide range of magnetic fields. The theoretical curves describe the experimental results very well.
Abstract It is demonstrated that the use of a micrometric thin 39 K vapor cell (MTC) and saturated absorption (SA) spectroscopy allows the formation of narrow atomic lines in the transmission spectrum without unwanted cross-over resonances. Another important feature is the small characteristic magnetic field value B 0 = A h f / μ B of 39 K, significantly smaller than for Rb and Cs. As a consequence, decoupling of J and I can be observed at relatively low magnetic fields ∼300 G, which results in the formation of two groups of four spectrally-resolved and equidistantly-positioned atomic transitions having the same amplitude (each group corresponds to a given circular polarization σ ± ) which we record using a simple experimental setup with a linearly polarized tunable diode-laser and a longitudinal magnetic field obtained with two permanent magnets. Fabrication of a MTC is much easier than the fabrication of the 39 K nanocells used in our previous works. A simple method to determine the magnitude of a wide range of B -fields with a spatial resolution of 30 µ m is presented, which is intrinsically calibrated and does not require a frequency reference.
Abstract Atomic transitions of 39K, D2 line are studied in strong longitudinal magnetic fields, up to 1000 G, with a high spectral resolution. The saturated absorption (SA) method was used in a micro-cell filled with K vapors with a thickness of L= 30 µm. A double differentiation of the SA spectrum was carried out, which made it possible to obtain narrow (~50 MHz) atomic lines and study individual transition frequency and probabilistic behavior. Among alkali metals, the K atoms have the smallest hyperfine splitting of the ground levels. This allows one to observe the break of the coupling between the electronic total angular momentum J and nuclear I angular momentums at relatively low magnetic fields B > 300 G. In the case of using circularly polarized radiation (σ+ or σ–), two groups (each consisting of four) equidistantly located total eight atomic transitions are recorded in strong magnetic fields. The experimental results are well described by a known theoretical model.
Micrometric-thin cells (MCs) with alkali vapor atoms have been valuable for research and applications of hyperfine Zeeman splitting and atomic magnetometers under strong magnetic fields. We theoretically and experimentally study the saturated absorption spectra using a 100-μm cesium MC, where the pump and probe beams are linearly polarized with mutually perpendicular polarizations, and the magnetic field is along the pump beam. Because of the distinctive thin chamber of the MC, crossover spectral lines in saturated absorption spectra are largely suppressed leading to clear splittings of hyperfine Zeeman transitions in experiments, and the effect of spatial magnetic field gradient is expected to be reduced. A calculation method is proposed to achieve good agreements between theoretical calculations and experimental results. This method successfully explains the suppression of crossover lines in MCs, as well as the effects of magnetic field direction, propagation and polarization directions of the pump/probe beam on saturated absorption spectrum. The saturated absorption spectrum with suppressed crossover lines is used for laser frequency stabilization, which may provide the potential value of MCs for high spatial resolution strong-field magnetometry with high sensitivity.
Atomic transitions of 85Rb and 87Rb isotopes in a strong transverse magnetic field with induction of up to 7 kG have been studied experimentally. High spectral resolution is achieved owing to the application of the linear Doppler-free spectroscopy method to a nanometric thin cell with the thickness of L = λ/2 = 390 nm, where λ is the wavelength of laser emission tuned to the resonance with the Rb D 2-line (λ/2-method). It has been observed that the number of atomic transitions in the transmission spectrum of linearly polarized (π) radiation decreases from 64 down to 20 transitions as the field strength increases above B > 5 kG. Four atomic transitions (two of 85Rb and two of 87Rb), which are forbidden in the absence of magnetic field, acquire significant strength in the strong magnetic field. Experimental results are in a good agreement with theory. Several practical applications of alkali-vapor-filled nanometric thin cells have been proposed.
The existence of crossover resonances makes saturated-absorption (SA) spectra very complicated when external magnetic field B is applied. It is demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that the use of micrometric-thin cells (MTCs, L≈40 μm) allows application of SA for quantitative studies of frequency splitting and shifts of the Rb atomic transitions in a wide range of external magnetic fields, from 0.2 up to 6 kG (20-600 mT). We compare the SA spectra obtained with the MTC with those obtained with other techniques and present applications for optical magnetometry with micrometer spatial resolution and a broadly tunable optical frequency lock.
An extremely thin cell with a wedge gap was developed that makes it possible to form a column of Rb atom vapor with thickness in the range from 100 to 600 nm. It is experimentally shown that the use of this cell, along with commercially available diode lasers, allows one to spectrally resolve individual transitions between the Zeeman sublevels of the hyperfine structure of the 87Rb D 1 line (transitions F g =1, 2→F e =1, 2) in the resonance fluorescence spectrum in the presence of an external magnetic field (B≈200 G). This makes it possible to realize systems consisting of nondegenerate atomic levels. For comparison, it is shown that transitions between the Zeeman sublevels in the fluorescence spectrum obtained with the aid of a conventional cell (1–10 cm long) in an external magnetic field with B∼200 G remain completely masked by the Doppler-broadened profile. The results obtained can be used for the creation of a simple magnetometer based on an extremely thin cell with Rb vapor for the measurement of magnetic fields with a submicron local spatial resolution.