Random numbers are one of the key foundations of cryptography. This work implements a discrete quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on the tunneling effect of electrons in an avalanche photo diode. Without any post-processing and conditioning, this QRNG can output raw sequences at a rate of 100 Mbps. Remarkably, the statistical min-entropy of the 8,000,000 bits sequence reaches 0.9944 bits/bit, and the min-entropy validated by NIST SP 800-90B reaches 0.9872 bits/bit. This metric is currently the highest value we have investigated for QRNG raw sequences. Moreover, this QRNG can continuously and stably output raw sequences with high randomness over extended periods. The system produced a continuous output of 1,174 Gbits raw sequence for a duration of 11,744 s, with every 8 Mbits forming a unit to obtain a statistical min-entropy distribution with an average value of 0.9892 bits/bit. The statistical min-entropy of all data (1,174 Gbits) achieves the value of 0.9951 bits/bit. This QRNG can produce high-quality raw sequences with good randomness and stability. It has the potential to meet the high demand in cryptography for random numbers with high quality.Random numbers are one of the key foundations of cryptography. This work implements a discrete quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on the tunneling effect of electrons in an avalanche photo diode. Without any post-processing and conditioning, this QRNG can output raw sequences at a rate of 100 Mbps. Remarkably, the statistical min-entropy of the 8,000,000 bits sequence reaches 0.9944 bits/bit, and the min-entropy validated by NIST SP 800-90B reaches 0.9872 bits/bit. This metric is currently the highest value we have investigated for QRNG raw sequences. Moreover, this QRNG can continuously and stably output raw sequences with high randomness over extended periods. The system produced a continuous output of 1,174 Gbits raw sequence for a duration of 11,744 s, with every 8 Mbits forming a unit to obtain a statistical min-entropy distribution with an average value of 0.9892 bits/bit. The statistical min-entropy of all data (1,174 Gbits) achieves the value of 0.9951 bits/bit. This QRNG can produce high-quality raw sequences with good randomness and stability. It has the potential to meet the high demand in cryptography for random numbers with high quality.

Chinese Physics LettersJun 1, 20237 citations

Entropy production in quantum

Lorenzo Pucci, Massimiliano Esposito, Luca Peliti

Jan 1, 20130 citations

Entanglement processing and statistical inference: The Jaynes principle can produce fake entanglement

Ryszard Horodecki, Michał Horodecki, Paweł Horodecki

We show, by explicit examples, that the Jaynes principle when applied to compound quantum systems may produce the entangled maximum entropy states compatible with data coming from nonentangled (separable) states. It means that the Jaynes statistical inference scheme may lead to a wrong conclusion about entanglement, which is a crucial parameter in quantum information theory. We suggest that in all the processes where entanglement is needed, the proper inference scheme should involve minimization of entanglement. Examples illustrating the proposed scheme are provided.We show, by explicit examples, that the Jaynes principle when applied to compound quantum systems may produce the entangled maximum entropy states compatible with data coming from nonentangled (separable) states. It means that the Jaynes statistical inference scheme may lead to a wrong conclusion about entanglement, which is a crucial parameter in quantum information theory. We suggest that in all the processes where entanglement is needed, the proper inference scheme should involve minimization of entanglement. Examples illustrating the proposed scheme are provided.

Physical Review AMar 1, 199970 citations

NOTES ON QUANTUM ENTROPY

Makoto Ohya, D�nes Petz

WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooksFeb 1, 20082 citations

Quantum Rotational Entropy Model for Reliable Authentication Systems

T. S. Gururaja, Harsha Vardan Mitta, S Harikaran +1 more

Quantum True Random Number Generators (QTRNGs) utilizes the inherent probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics to produce non-deterministic randomness. This paper presents a rotational random number generator that utilizes a two-axis rotation approach combining $R X(\pi / 2)$ and $R Y(\pi / 2)$ gates for enhanced quantum state diversity. Unlike conventional single-axis architectures, the proposed model explores a larger region of the Bloch sphere enriches phase dynamics and increasing entropy per qubit. Each qubit undergoes sequential RX-RY transformations followed by Z-basis measurement produces unbiased and statistically random bit sequences. The proposed architecture demonstrates high isotropy, strong phase uniformity and robustness under noisy quantum backends. Simulation results using Qiskit confirm a measured collapse state of\vert 1010\vert with a global phase of $2 \pi$ , validates genuine quantum randomness. Statistical evaluation using NIST, Dieharder and ENT benchmarks show >99% uniformity and high min-entropy, positioning dual-axis quantum system as a scalable, hardware-efficient quantum entropy source for cryptographic and post-quantum security applications.Quantum True Random Number Generators (QTRNGs) utilizes the inherent probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics to produce non-deterministic randomness. This paper presents a rotational random number generator that utilizes a two-axis rotation approach combining$R X(\pi / 2)$and$R Y(\pi / 2)$gates for enhanced quantum state diversity. Unlike conventional single-axis architectures, the proposed model explores a larger region of the Bloch sphere enriches phase dynamics and increasing entropy per qubit. Each qubit undergoes sequential RX-RY transformations followed by Z-basis measurement produces unbiased and statistically random bit sequences. The proposed architecture demonstrates high isotropy, strong phase uniformity and robustness under noisy quantum backends. Simulation results using Qiskit confirm a measured collapse state of\vert 1010\vert with a global phase of$2 \pi$, validates genuine quantum randomness. Statistical evaluation using NIST, Dieharder and ENT benchmarks show >99% uniformity and high min-entropy, positioning dual-axis quantum system as a scalable, hardware-efficient quantum entropy source for cryptographic and post-quantum security applications.

International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Networks (CINE)Mar 12, 20260 citations

A Note on Quantum Entropy

Frank Hansen

arXiv:1511.09189Mathematical Physics Analysis and GeometryMay 12, 20161 citation

R X(\pi / 2)

and

R Y(\pi / 2)

gates for enhanced quantum state diversity. Unlike conventional single-axis architectures, the proposed model explores a larger region of the Bloch sphere enriches phase dynamics and increasing entropy per qubit. Each qubit undergoes sequential RX-RY transformations followed by Z-basis measurement produces unbiased and statistically random bit sequences. The proposed architecture demonstrates high isotropy, strong phase uniformity and robustness under noisy quantum backends. Simulation results using Qiskit confirm a measured collapse state of\vert 1010\vert with a global phase of

2 \pi

, validates genuine quantum randomness. Statistical evaluation using NIST, Dieharder and ENT benchmarks show >99% uniformity and high min-entropy, positioning dual-axis quantum system as a scalable, hardware-efficient quantum entropy source for cryptographic and post-quantum security applications.