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Teorias adiabáticas e aplicações em Ressonância Magnética Nuclear

Charlie Oncebay Segura

Published Feb 20, 2014• 0 citations
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Abstract

We present a study of adiabaticity in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.First, we present a review on the concept of adiabaticity in closed and open quantum systems.Many commonly used adiabatic processes in Magnetic Resonance perform well even though the adiabatic approximation does not appear to hold throughout the process, then through the use Berry's superadiabatic formalism make corrections to the pulse satisfies the adiabatic condition.This approach, a but time-dependent Hamiltonian slowly evolving is iteratively transformed into time-dependent diagonal frames until the most accurate adiabatic approximation is obtained.Examine the capabilities of superadiabatics iterations to produce a shortcut sequence to adiabaticity system and extend the concept of dynamic superadiabatic for open systems, whose evolution is governed by a master equation of Lindblad form, providing the necessary framework to determine the strategy control needed to achieve superadibaticity.

DOI
10.11606/d.76.2014.tde-05052014-172619

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We present a study of adiabaticity in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.First, we present a review on the concept of adiabaticity in closed and open quantum systems.Many commonly used adiabatic processes in Magnetic Resonance perform well even though the adiabatic approximation does not appear to hold throughout the process, then through the use Berry's superadiabatic formalism make corrections to the pulse satisfies the adiabatic condition.This approach, a but time-dependent Hamiltonian slowly evolving is iteratively transformed into time-dependent diagonal frames until the most accurate adiabatic approximation is obtained.Examine the capabilities of superadiabatics iterations to produce a shortcut sequence to adiabaticity system and extend the concept of dynamic superadiabatic for open systems, whose evolution is governed by a master equation of Lindblad form, providing the necessary framework to determine the strategy control needed to achieve superadibaticity.
Nesta dissertação apresentaremos um estudo da adiabaticidade em Ressonância Magnética Nuclear. Para tal, apresentaremos inicialmente uma revisão sobre o conceito de adiabaticidade em sistemas quânticos fechados e abertos. Muitos processos adiabáticos comumente utilizados em Ressonância Magnética apresentam um bom desempenho, embora a aproximação adiabática não seja valida durante todo o processo, então através do formalismo da superadiabaticidade de Berry faremos correções para que o pulso satisfaça a condição adiabática. Nesta abordagem, um Hamiltoniano dependente do tempo e que evolui lentamente é iterativamente transformado em quadros diagonais dependentes do tempo até que a aproximação adiabática mais precisa é obtida. Examinaremos as capacidades das iterações super-adiabáticas para produzir uma sequência de atalhos para a adiabaticidade do sistema e estenderemos o conceito da dinâmica superadiabática para sistemas abertos, cuja evolução é governada por uma equação mestra na forma de Lindblad, fornecendo o quadro geral necessário para determinar a estratégia de controle necessário para alcançar a superadiabaticidade.
In this thesis, it is presented a set of results in adiabatic dynamics (closed and open system) and transitionless quantum driving that promote some advances in our understanding on quantum control and Hamiltonian inverse engineering. In the context of adiabatic dynamics in closed systems, it is introduced a validation mechanism for the adiabaticity conditions by studing the system dynamics from a non-inertial reference frame. By considering a decohering scenario, validity conditions of the adiabatic approximation are also studied. As a fresh general result with potential applications, it is shown that under decoherence the adiabaticity may still occur in the infinite time limit, as it happens for closed systems, for a class of initial quantum states. To end, the original contributions of this thesis to the theory of shortcuts to adiabaticity refers to a generalized approach of transitionless quantum driving, where one explores the gauge freedom of the quantal phase factors accompanying adiabatic trajectories. A number of theoretical applications are studied, where some theoretical prediction presented in this thesis are experimentally verified through two different experimental setups, namely a qubit encoded in the energy hyperfine structure of a Ytterbium trapped ion, and in nuclear magnetic resonance with a nuclear spin qubit.
The adiabatic approximation exhibits wide applicability in quantum mechanics, providing a simple approach for nontransitional dynamics in quantum systems governed by slowly varying time-dependent Hamiltonians. However, the standard adiabatic theorem is specifically derived for closed quantum systems. In a realistic open system scenario, the inevitable system-reservoir interaction must be taken into account, which strongly impacts the generalization of the adiabatic behavior. In this paper, we introduce sufficient conditions for the adiabatic approximation in open quantum systems. These conditions are simple yet general, providing a suitable instrument to investigate adiabaticity for arbitrary initial mixed states evolving under time local master equations. We first illustrate our results by showing that the adiabatic approximation for open systems is compatible with the description of quantum thermodynamics at thermal equilibrium, where irreversible entropy production is vanishing. We also apply our sufficient conditions as a tool in quantum control, evaluating the adiabatic behavior for the Hamiltonians of both the Deutsch algorithm and the Landau-Zener model under decoherence.
The adiabatic theorem and shortcuts to adiabaticity for time-dependent open quantum systems are explored in this paper. Starting from the definition of dynamical stable decoherence-free subspace, we show that, under a compact adiabatic condition, the quantum state remains in the time-dependent decoherence-free subspace with an extremely high purity, even though the dynamics of the open quantum system may not be adiabatic. The adiabatic condition mentioned here in the adiabatic theorem for open systems is very similar to that for closed quantum systems, except that the operators required to change slowly are the Lindblad operators. We also show that the adiabatic evolution of decoherence-free subspaces depends on the existence of instantaneous decoherence-free subspaces, which requires that the Hamiltonian of open quantum systems be engineered according to the incoherent control protocol. In addition, shortcuts to adiabaticity for adiabatic decoherence-free subspaces are also presented based on the transitionless quantum driving method. Finally, we provide an example that consists of a two-level system coupled to a broadband squeezed vacuum field to show our theory. Our approach employs Markovian master equations and the theory can apply to finite-dimensional quantum open systems.
The adiabatic approximation in open systems is formulated through the effective Hamiltonian approach. By introducing an ancilla, we embed the open system dynamics into a non-Hermitian quantum dynamics of a composite system composed of the open system and ancilla, the adiabatic evolution of the open system is then defined as the adiabatic dynamics of the composite system. Validity and invalidity conditions for this approximation as well as the relation to the other definition are established and discussed. A high-order adiabatic approximation for open systems is introduced. As an example, the adiabatic condition for an open spin- particle in time-dependent magnetic fields is analysed.