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Acta Physica Polonica A

Bose-Einstein Condensation in Atomic Gases

Jerzy Zachorowski, Wojciech Gawlik

Published Oct 1, 2002• 11 citations

Abstract

Sch oo l o f Sem icond uct i ng Co m p ou n ds, Ja szo wi ec 200 2 B ose{ E i n ste in C on d en sation in A to m i c G ases J. Z ac horo w sk i and W. Ga wl ik M. Sm ol ucho wski I nsti tut e of Ph ysi cs, Jagell oni an Uni versity Reym on ta 4, 30-059 Kra k §w, Po l an dT hi s pap er presen ts fun damenta l prin ciple s, characteristics, and limitati ons of v arious exp erimental metho ds of coolin g and trapping of neutral atoms by laser light and magnetic Ùelds.I n additio n to surveying the exp erimental techni ques, basic prop erties of quantum degenerate gases are discussed w ith particular emphasis on the Bose{ Einstei n condensate.W e also present main parameters and exp ected characteristics of the Ùrst Polish Bose{Einstei n condensate apparatus built in the N ational Lab oratory of A tomic, Molecula r, and O ptical Physics in T oru ¥, Poland.

DOI: 10.12693/aphyspola.102.577

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Since an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate, predicted by Einstein in 1925, was first produced in the laboratory in 1995, the study of ultracold Bose and Fermi gases has become one of the most active areas in contemporary physics. This book explains phenomena in ultracold gases from basic principles, without assuming a detailed knowledge of atomic, condensed matter, and nuclear physics. This new edition has been revised and updated, and includes new chapters on optical lattices, low dimensions, and strongly-interacting Fermi systems. This book provides a unified introduction to the physics of ultracold atomic Bose and Fermi gases for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as experimentalists and theorists. Chapters cover the statistical physics of trapped gases, atomic properties, cooling and trapping atoms, interatomic interactions, structure of trapped condensates, collective modes, rotating condensates, superfluidity, interference phenomena, and trapped Fermi gases. Problems are included at the end of each chapter.

•Nov 1, 2001•1 citation

Sch oo l o f Sem icond uct i ng Co m p ou n ds, Ja szo wi ec 200 2 B ose{ E i n ste in C on d en sation in A to m i c G ases J. Z ac horo w sk i and W. Ga wl ik M. Sm ol ucho wski I nsti tut e of Ph ysi cs, Jagell oni an Uni versity Reym on ta 4, 30-059 Kra k §w, Po l an dT hi s pap er presen ts fun damenta l prin ciple s, characteristics, and limitati ons of v arious exp erimental metho ds of coolin g and trapping of neutral atoms by laser light and magnetic Ùelds.I n additio n to surveying the exp erimental techni ques, basic prop erties of quantum degenerate gases are discussed w ith particular emphasis on the Bose{ Einstei n condensate.W e also present main parameters and exp ected characteristics of the Ùrst Polish Bose{Einstei n condensate apparatus built in the N ational Lab oratory of A tomic, Molecula r, and O ptical Physics in T oru ¥, Poland.

cs, Po l i sh Ac ademy of Sciences al .Lo tni k §w 32/ 46, 02-668 W arsaw, Po l and b Center for Theo reti cal Physi cs, Po l ish Aca demy of Sciences al .Lo tni k §w 32/ 46, 02-668 W arsaw, Po l and ( Recei ved Novem ber 15, 2001)W e rev iew a pr ogress i n un derstandi ng of statisti cal prop erties of a quantu m degenerate Bose gas.W e show how the Ma xw ell demon ensem ble helps to compute Ûuctuations of the Bose{ Eins tein condensate of an ideal Bose gas according to the micro canoni cal ensemble.T hen, we review a metho d of measuring these Ûuctuations.U sing a solubl e mo del of interacting Bose gas w e also stress the imp ortance of higher-order correlation functions.Finall y, w e review our no vel computational metho d of studying an interacting Bose gas near its critical temp erature.

For sufficiently low temperatures, a Bose gas experiences a transition into a Bose-Einstein condensate, characterized by a macroscopic occupation of the ground state of the system. The development of efficient cooling and trapping techniques for neutral atoms led in 1995, to the first observation of BEC in dilute alkali gases in 87Rb [1]. This remarkable achievement has been followed by BEC experiments in various other elements. The BEC has become during the last years, one of the most active and fruitful research areas of modern atomic physics, constituting an interdisciplinary field, which links atomic physics with various other research areas, like quantum optics, condensed-matter physics, and very especially nonlinear physics.

Abstract This volume introduces the basic concepts of Bose–Einstein condensation and superfluidity. It makes special reference to the physics of ultracold atomic gases; an area in which enormous experimental and theoretical progress has been achieved in the last twenty years. Various theoretical approaches to describing the physics of interacting bosons and of interacting Fermi gases, giving rise to bosonic pairs and hence to condensation, are discussed in detail, both in uniform and harmonically trapped configurations. Special focus is given to the comparison between theory and experiment, concerning various equilibrium, dynamic, thermodynamic, and superfluid properties of these novel systems. The volume also includes discussions of ultracold gases in dimensions, quantum mixtures, and long-range dipolar interactions.

Since an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate, predicted by Einstein in 1925, was first produced in the laboratory in 1995, the study of ultracold Bose and Fermi gases has become one of the most active areas in contemporary physics. This book explains phenomena in ultracold gases from basic principles, without assuming a detailed knowledge of atomic, condensed matter, and nuclear physics. This new edition has been revised and updated, and includes new chapters on optical lattices, low dimensions, and strongly-interacting Fermi systems. This book provides a unified introduction to the physics of ultracold atomic Bose and Fermi gases for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as experimentalists and theorists. Chapters cover the statistical physics of trapped gases, atomic properties, cooling and trapping atoms, interatomic interactions, structure of trapped condensates, collective modes, rotating condensates, superfluidity, interference phenomena, and trapped Fermi gases. Problems are included at the end of each chapter.