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Physics

Quantum Correlations Generate an Optical Lattice

Rachel J. Berkowitz

Published Nov 22, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Beams of light with phase-structured wave fronts provide a robust, high-dimensional medium for metrology and communication applications (see Synopsis: Twisting Light Beams on Demand).Optical lattices formed from single-photon versions of those structured beams have attracted attention as a tool for quantum-memory devices.However, such lattices have so far only been generated using classical light.Now, taking the phenomenon to the quantum regime, Andrew Cameron and his colleagues at the University of Waterloo, Canada, demonstrate a protocol for creating optical lattices from entangled photon pairs [1].

DOI
10.1103/physics.14.s148

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Beams of light with phase-structured wave fronts provide a robust, high-dimensional medium for metrology and communication applications (see Synopsis: Twisting Light Beams on Demand).Optical lattices formed from single-photon versions of those structured beams have attracted attention as a tool for quantum-memory devices.However, such lattices have so far only been generated using classical light.Now, taking the phenomenon to the quantum regime, Andrew Cameron and his colleagues at the University of Waterloo, Canada, demonstrate a protocol for creating optical lattices from entangled photon pairs [1].
Spatially structured photons have attracted a lot of attention in quantum photonics, where they often serve as powerful tools for investigating fundamental properties of light, and for realizing high-dimensional quantum states with beneficial properties in quantum information tasks such as cryptography or quantum simulations [1] . One way of describing any spatial structure, in the paraxial limit, is through orthogonal transverse-spatial modes e.g. Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes. A unique feature of higher order LG modes is their twisted phase front, to which a theoretically unbounded orbital angular momentum can be attributed.
We propose two different setups to generate single photons on demand using an atom in front of a mirror, along with either a beam splitter or a tunable coupling. We show that photon-generation efficiency of $\ensuremath{\sim}99%$ is straightforward to achieve. The proposed schemes are simple and easily tunable in frequency. The operation is relatively insensitive to dephasing and can be easily extended to generate correlated pairs of photons. They can also, in principle, be used to generate any photonic qubit of the form $\ensuremath{\mu}\left|0\right\ensuremath{\rangle}+\ensuremath{\nu}\left|1\right\ensuremath{\rangle}$ in arbitrary wave packets, making them very attractive for quantum communication applications.
In the domain of light emissions, quantum mechanics has been an immensely successful guiding tool for us. In the propagation of light and optical instrument design, Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral (HFDI) (or its advanced versions) and Maxwell’s wave equation are continuing to be the essential guiding tools for optical scientists and engineers. In fact, most branches of optical science and engineering, like optical instrument design, image processing, Fourier optics, Holography, etc., cannot exist without using the foundational postulates behind the Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral. Further, the field of structured light is also growing where phases and the state of polarizations are manipulated usually with suitable classical macro-devices to create wave fronts that restructured through light-matter interactions through these devices. Mathematical modeling of generating such complex wave fronts generally follows classical concepts and classical macro tools of physical optics. Some of these complex light beams can impart mechanical angular momentum and spin-like properties to material particles inserted inside these structured beams because of their electromagnetic dipolar properties and/or structural anisotropy. Does that mean these newly structured beams have acquired new quantum properties without being generated through quantum devices and quantum transitions? In this chapter, we bridge the classical and quantum formalism by defining a hybrid photon (HP). HP is a quantum of energy, hν, at the initial moment of emission. It then immediately evolves into a classical time-finite wave packet, still transporting the original energy, hν, with a classical carrier frequency ν (oscillation of the E-vector). This chapter will raise enquiring questions whether all these observed “quantum-like” behaviors are manifestations of the joint properties of interacting material particles with classical EM waves or are causal implications of the existence of propagation of “indivisible light quanta” with exotic properties like spin, angular momentum, etc.
The growing demand for scalable and fault-tolerant platforms for classical and quantum information processing drives the search for integrated photonic systems tolerant of coherence constraints and architectural limitations. This thesis investigates the photonic mesh lattice (PML), a dynamically modulated, fiber-based architecture employing time-division multiplexing, as a robust and reconfigurable testbed for classical and quantum wave dynamics. The research addresses bottlenecks in existing technologies, such as reliance on bulky interferometric setups and lack of scalable architectures, by demonstrating a compact, fiber-loop-based system with dynamic coupling control. In the classical regime, the PML enables stable propagation of coherent light pulses over thousands of kilometers with minimal signal degradation. Losses are mitigated using optical amplifiers, while amplitude and phase modulation provide tunable control over signal dynamics. Results show the system supports long-distance propagation with high signal integrity, establishing the PML as a candidate for classical photonic networks and long-haul communication. In the quantum domain, the PML facilitates generation, manipulation, and interference of time-bin entangled photon pairs across multiple temporal dimensions. Dynamically reconfigurable coupling allows loophole-free quantum interference measurements and scalable quantum walks, enabling protocols such as quantum phase estimation, boson sampling, and high-dimensional entanglement processing. The fiber-based structure, compatible with telecom components, ensures economic viability and experimental accessibility. Beyond demonstrated applications, the PML opens doors to novel regimes, including simulation of synthetic gauge fields and optical trapping dynamics. This work contributes to unified optical platforms by integrating dynamic control, high-dimensional scalability, and robust signal processing in a compact architecture.