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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

High-dimensional quantum operations using structured photons

Markus Hiekkamäki, Shashi Prabhakar, Robert Fickler

Published Jun 21, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Spatially structured photons have attracted a lot of attention in quantum photonics, where they often serve as powerful tools for investigating fundamental properties of light, and for realizing high-dimensional quantum states with beneficial properties in quantum information tasks such as cryptography or quantum simulations [1] . One way of describing any spatial structure, in the paraxial limit, is through orthogonal transverse-spatial modes e.g. Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes. A unique feature of higher order LG modes is their twisted phase front, to which a theoretically unbounded orbital angular momentum can be attributed.

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec52157.2021.9542498

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Spatially structured photons have attracted a lot of attention in quantum photonics, where they often serve as powerful tools for investigating fundamental properties of light, and for realizing high-dimensional quantum states with beneficial properties in quantum information tasks such as cryptography or quantum simulations [1] . One way of describing any spatial structure, in the paraxial limit, is through orthogonal transverse-spatial modes e.g. Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes. A unique feature of higher order LG modes is their twisted phase front, to which a theoretically unbounded orbital angular momentum can be attributed.
A powerful way to describe a transverse field spatial structure are Laguerre-Gauss modes, which are known for their theoretically unbound quanta of orbital angular momentum (OAM) caused on their twisted phase structure. Moreover, spatial structures serve as a promising way to high-dimensional quantum states, known to be advanta-geous in various quantum information tasks. To enable arbitrary unitary operations on any desired set of spatial modes, Multi-plane light-conversion (MPLC) schemes have been demonstrated recently [1].
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Twisted light, or light with orbital angular momentum (OAM), plays an emerging role in both classical and quantum science, with important applications in areas as diverse as biophotonics, micromachines, spintronics, or quantum information. It offers fascinating opportunities for exploring new fundamental ideas in physics, as well as for being used as a tool for practical applications. One important point is to determine how to generate single photons, and two-photon states, with an appropriate OAM content. Here we describe the paraxial orbital angular momentum of entangled photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in different non-collinear geometries. These geometries introduce a variety of new features. In particular, we find the OAM of entangled pairs generated in purely transverse-emitting configurations, where the entangled photons counter-propagate perpendicularly to the direction of propagation of the pump beam. The spatial walk-off of all interacting waves in the parametric process also determines the OAM content of the down-converted photons, and here its influence is also revealed.
Structured photons often serve as physical realizations of high-dimensional quantum states beneficial to quantum information. One popular way of discretizing the space is through Laguerre-Gaussian modes that can have twisted phase front and, thus, orbital angular momentum (OAM). We demonstrate that using multi-plane light-conversion techniques enables the performance of complex unitary transformations between multiple input-modes and output-modes in the quantum regime. We demonstrate various complex two-photon interferences observed in spatial modes, thereby realizing a linear optical network along a single beam path. Finally, we show that using this ability allows the generation of spatial-mode NOON-states, which offer angular super-sensitivity.