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ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)

Mitigating Crosstalk in Quantum Computers through Commutativity-Based Instruction Reordering

Lei Xie, Jidong Zhai, Weimin Zheng

Published Nov 8, 2021• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Crosstalk is one of the major types of noise in quantum computers. To design high-fidelity quantum gates and large-scale quantum computers, effectively suppressing crosstalk is becoming increasingly important. Previous approaches to mitigate crosstalk rely on either hardware strategies, which are only applicable on limited platforms, or software techniques, which, however, cannot fully explore instruction parallelism. To address the above challenges, we propose a commutativity based compile-time instruction reordering approach. We first propose a complete set of generalized commutativity rules for main types of quantum gates, and then we design a two-level bidirectional reordering algorithm to reorder gates according to these rules for effective crosstalk mitigation. Our approach can not only capture both forward and backward instruction correlations but also reduce the effect of decoherence. We evaluate our approach with 117 quantum programs. Compared with the state-of-the-art, our approach can improve program fidelity by up to 120% (18% on average).

DOI
10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586145

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Crosstalk is one of the major types of noise in quantum computers. To design high-fidelity quantum gates and large-scale quantum computers, effectively suppressing crosstalk is becoming increasingly important. Previous approaches to mitigate crosstalk rely on either hardware strategies, which are only applicable on limited platforms, or software techniques, which, however, cannot fully explore instruction parallelism. To address the above challenges, we propose a commutativity based compile-time instruction reordering approach. We first propose a complete set of generalized commutativity rules for main types of quantum gates, and then we design a two-level bidirectional reordering algorithm to reorder gates according to these rules for effective crosstalk mitigation. Our approach can not only capture both forward and backward instruction correlations but also reduce the effect of decoherence. We evaluate our approach with 117 quantum programs. Compared with the state-of-the-art, our approach can improve program fidelity by up to 120% (18% on average).
Crosstalk is the primary source of noise in quantum computing equipment. The parallel execution of multiple instructions in quantum computation causes crosstalk, which causes coupling between signal lines and mutual inductance and capacitance between signal lines, destroying the quantum state and causing the program to fail to execute correctly. Overcoming crosstalk is a critical prerequisite for quantum error correction and large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing. This paper provides an approach for suppressing crosstalk in quantum computers based on multiple instruction exchange rules and duration. Firstly, for the majority of the quantum gates that can be executed on quantum computing devices, a multiple instruction exchange rule is proposed. The multiple instruction exchange rule reorders quantum gates in quantum circuits and separates double quantum gates with high crosstalk on quantum circuits. Then, time stakes are inserted based on the duration of different quantum gates, and quantum gates with high crosstalk are carefully separated in the process of quantum circuit execution by quantum computing equipment to reduce the influence of crosstalk on circuit fidelity. Several benchmark experiments verify the proposed method's effectiveness. In comparison to previous techniques, the proposed method improves fidelity by 15.97% on average.
Crosstalk is a major source of noise in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) systems and is a fundamental challenge for hardware design. When multiple instructions are executed in parallel, crosstalk between the instructions can corrupt the quantum state and lead to incorrect program execution. Our goal is to mitigate the application impact of crosstalk noise through software techniques. This requires (i) accurate characterization of hardware crosstalk, and (ii) intelligent instruction scheduling to serialize the affected operations. Since crosstalk characterization is computationally expensive, we develop optimizations which reduce the characterization overhead. On 3 20-qubit IBMQ systems, we demonstrate two orders of magnitude reduction in characterization time (compute time on the QC device) compared to all-pairs crosstalk measurements. Informed by these characterization, we develop a scheduler that judiciously serializes high crosstalk instructions balancing the need to mitigate crosstalk and exponential decoherence errors from serialization. On real-system runs on 3 IBMQ systems, our scheduler improves the error rate of application circuits by up to 5.6x, compared to the IBM instruction scheduler and offers near-optimal crosstalk mitigation in practice.
Abstract Crosstalk is the main noise source in quantum computing devices. In quantum computation, the parallel execution of multiple instructions will cause crosstalk, destroy the quantum state, and cause the program to fail to execute correctly. Overcoming the influence of crosstalk is a key requirement for quantum error correction and large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing. This paper presents a method to suppress crosstalk in quantum computers based on multiple instruction exchange rules and duration. Several Benchmarks experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the prior techniques, the fidelity of the proposed method is improved by 15.97% on average.
One of the key challenges in current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers is to control a quantum system with high-fidelity quantum gates. There are many reasons a quantum gate can go wrong - for superconducting transmon qubits in particular, one major source of gate error is the unwanted crosstalk between neighboring qubits due to a phenomenon called frequency crowding. We motivate a systematic approach for understanding and mitigating the crosstalk noise when executing near-term quantum programs on superconducting NISQ computers. We present a general software solution to alleviate frequency crowding by systematically tuning qubit frequencies according to input programs, trading parallelism for higher gate fidelity when necessary. The net result is that our work dramatically improves the crosstalk resilience of tunable-qubit, fixed-coupler hardware, matching or surpassing other more complex architectural designs such as tunable-coupler systems. On NISQ benchmarks, we improve worst-case program success rate by 13.3x on average, compared to existing traditional serialization strategies.
Crosstalk remains a major source of correlated error in quantum systems, yet lacks a precise, community-wide definition - hindering systematic analysis and mitigation. This paper introduces a model-driven approach to crosstalk characterisation through three architecture-inspired noise models: (1) simultaneous two-qubit gate execution, (2) shared qubit interference, and (3) proximity-induced noise from shared control or readout hardware. These models act as both diagnostic tools and building blocks for crosstalk-aware quantum programming. We assess their impact across a broad benchmark suite - quantum simulation, Grover's algorithm, and fault-tolerant primitives like surface, Shor, and Steane codes - and evaluate two mitigation techniques: dynamical decoupling and Pauli twirling. While both are discussed in literature, only dynamical decoupling consistently enhances fidelity across noise types. Our work links low-level noise effects to high-level software engineering, underscoring the role of hardware-software co-design in scalable quantum computing. Model-based, hardware-aware design flows and composable noise abstractions improve error mitigation and program portability. Integrating such strategies into the toolchain is essential for building resilient quantum programs under realistic noise conditions.
Near-term quantum systems tend to be noisy. Crosstalk noise has been recognized as one of several major types of noises in superconducting Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. Crosstalk arises from the concurrent execution of two-qubit gates on nearby qubits, such as \texttt{CX}. It might significantly raise the error rate of gates in comparison to running them individually. Crosstalk can be mitigated through scheduling or hardware machine tuning. Prior scientific studies, however, manage crosstalk at a really late phase in the compilation process, usually after hardware mapping is done. It may miss great opportunities of optimizing algorithm logic, routing, and crosstalk at the same time. In this paper, we push the envelope by considering all these factors simultaneously at the very early compilation stage. We propose a crosstalk-aware quantum program compilation framework called CQC that can enhance crosstalk mitigation while achieving satisfactory circuit depth. Moreover, we identify opportunities for translation from intermediate representation to the circuit for application-specific crosstalk mitigation, for instance, the \texttt{CX} ladder construction in variational quantum eigensolvers (VQE). Evaluations through simulation and on real IBM-Q devices show that our framework can significantly reduce the error rate by up to 6×\times×, with only $\sim$60\% circuit depth compared to state-of-the-art gate scheduling approaches. In particular, for VQE, we demonstrate 49\% circuit depth reduction with 9.6\% fidelity improvement over prior art on the H4 molecule using IBMQ Guadalupe. Our CQC framework will be released on GitHub.