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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Beam steering and phase control via non-degenerate four-wave mixing

Lee P. Schelonka, M. A. Kramer, J. B. Roller

Published Jan 1, 1986• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in fluorescein-doped glass was used to demonstrate frequency- dependent beam steering and tilt/focus phase control. An argon-ion laser at 457.9 nm provided the probe beam and one of the pump beams. An argon-pumped dye laser, tunable from 560 to 615 nm, provided the second pump beam. The conjugate emerged at the same wavelength as the dye laser and at a frequency tunable, phase matching steering angle. It was shown conclusively that this beam was due to four-wave mixing.

DOI
10.1364/oam.1986.fw3

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Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in fluorescein-doped glass was used to demonstrate frequency- dependent beam steering and tilt/focus phase control. An argon-ion laser at 457.9 nm provided the probe beam and one of the pump beams. An argon-pumped dye laser, tunable from 560 to 615 nm, provided the second pump beam. The conjugate emerged at the same wavelength as the dye laser and at a frequency tunable, phase matching steering angle. It was shown conclusively that this beam was due to four-wave mixing.
Summary form only given. Previously, we have used four-wave mixing via coherent population trapping to achieve optical phase conjugation (OPC) with high gain, using two dye lasers and a sodium vapor cell. The /spl Lambda/ transition used involved the two hyperfine ground states and one excited state, so that two different optical frequencies were needed to satisfy the two-photon resonant condition between the probe and one of the pump beams. Later, we demonstrated in rubidium that a single hyperfine transition with Zeeman sublevels is enough to achieve OPC with equally high gain, thus eliminating the need for high-frequency sideband generation. However, in order to guarantee that the diffraction from the grating is primarily dispersive, the backward pump beam had to be detuned by about 60 MHz from the probe and the forward pump. One of the key disadvantages of such a nondegenerate scheme is that applications such as phase-conjugate mirrors are hard to implement. Here, we report the observation of optical phase conjugation in rubidium with equally high gain, but all the frequencies are degenerate.
The optical phase conjugation signal in nearly nondegenerate four wave mixing was studied using a rhodamine 110 doped boric acid glass saturable absorber nonlinear medium. We have demonstrated a narrow band optical filter (2.56±0.15Hz) using an optical phase conjugation signal in the frequency modulation of a weak probe beam in the presence of two strong counterpropagating pump beams in rhodamine 110 doped boric acid glass thin films (10−4m). Both the pump beams and the probe beam are at a wavelength of 488nm (continuous-wave Ar+ laser). The probe beam frequency was detuned with a ramp signal using a piezoelectric transducer mirror.
Details of the frequency relationships among interacting beams in Brillouin enhanced four-wave mixing (BEFWM) are examined. A new technique using two individually injection-seeded single-mode lasers allows for precise control and knowledge of the relative wavelengths of the interacting beams. This is compared with the standard frequency-shifting technique employing a single laser in conjunction with stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) frequency shifters. A continuously tunable frequency difference ranging over many gigahertz is achieved, resulting in a valuable tool for the investigation of nondegenerate four-wave mixing processes such as BEFWM. Two variations of BEFWM are studied: ωpump1 − ωpump2 = 0 with noncollinear pumps; and ωpump1 − ωpump2 = ωSBS with collinear pumping. Resonance spectra of BEFWM gain versus probe–pump frequency shift show a significant detuning in the frequency for the gain maximum from the expected Brillouin shift for the former case. When the probe–pump frequency is tuned in compensation for this detuning, improvements in BEFWM phase conjugation are realized in comparison with more conventional techniques using SBS frequency shifting.
We analyze the frequency-shifted conjugate beam generated by nearly degenerate four-wave mixing in an array of single-mode waveguides. We show that if the array sufficiently samples the signal beam, a high-quality conjugate will be generated when the pump beams are counterpropagating. The ability of a waveguide mode to couple to incoming beams over a range of incident directions relaxes the strict phase-matching requirement present in bulkmedia four-wave mixing. A shift in the propagation direction of one of the pump beams changes the propagation direction of the generated beam while maintaining the spatial phase coherence.
Two-frequency four-wave mixing in a dye is demonstrated, in which degenerate four-wave mixing is performed simultaneously within the absorption and emission frequency spectra, with two separate sets of beams. The coupling between the two bands gives rise to backward output waves at both frequencies, which are proportional to the phase conjugate of a single probe which can be at either of the two frequencies. Forward-propagating waves which are not conjugated are also generated at both frequencies. The frequency shifted outputs are tunable over the bandwidth of the spectrum in which they lie. A theoretical analysis is performed which is based on a four-level system model of the ground and first excited singlet states in a dye. Resulting are coupled equations, which are solved to yield the efficiencies of the various outputs. Experiments give results in good agreement with the theory.