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IEEE Communications Letters

Secrecy Analysis for Spatial Modulation: Transmission Scheme and Performance Evaluation

Ugrasen Singh, Manav R. Bhatnagar

Published Oct 25, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this letter, a novel transmission scheme for spatial modulation (SM) is proposed to enhance the security of wiretap channel. In this scheme, partial channel state information (CSI) of the legitimate channel is exploited by the transmitter (Tx) to dynamically adapt the spatial and signal constellations mapping patterns that are unknown to Eve. Thus, Eve cannot successfully decode the confidential information over the wiretap channel. Further, an important virtue of the proposed transmission scheme, Tx does not need to know the full CSI of Eve and legitimate channels. To demonstrate the security guaranteed by the proposed scheme, bit error rate, secrecy rate, and secrecy outage probability are evaluated.

DOI
10.1109/lcomm.2021.3122235

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In this letter, a novel transmission scheme for spatial modulation (SM) is proposed to enhance the security of wiretap channel. In this scheme, partial channel state information (CSI) of the legitimate channel is exploited by the transmitter (Tx) to dynamically adapt the spatial and signal constellations mapping patterns that are unknown to Eve. Thus, Eve cannot successfully decode the confidential information over the wiretap channel. Further, an important virtue of the proposed transmission scheme, Tx does not need to know the full CSI of Eve and legitimate channels. To demonstrate the security guaranteed by the proposed scheme, bit error rate, secrecy rate, and secrecy outage probability are evaluated.
In this paper, we investigate the physical layer security based on space shift keying (SSK) in which bit-to-spatial mapping of antenna indices dynamically adapts according to the partial channel state information (CSI) of the legitimate channel at the transmitter (Tx). Further, the Tx also adapts transmit power allocation to each transmit antenna according to partial CSI. Since an eavesdropper (Eve) is not (usually) aware of the legitimate CSI, it cannot successfully decode the antenna index; thus, transmission over the legitimate channel is secured from the wiretapping of Eve. An important virtue of the proposed scheme is that the Tx does not require full CSI of the legitimate and eavesdropper channels to secure the confidential information. The proposed work focuses on the secrecy rate (SR) and bit error rate (BER) of the considered multiple-input single-output system over Rayleigh fading channels. Approximate expressions of Bob's data rate for 2-ary and 4-ary SSK modulations are derived in closed-form. Furthermore, an upper-bound of Bob's data rate for Na-ary SSK modulation is also derived. In order to obtain the secrecy rate for the proposed scheme, we also evaluate Eve's data rate. Analytical results of SR and BER demonstrate the robustness of the proposed scheme. All numerical results are thoroughly verified by using extensive Monte Carlo simulations.
In this paper, a novel transmission strategy, referred to as mapping-varied spatial modulation, is proposed for physical layer security, where the transmitter varies mapping patterns for the radiated information and the antenna information of spatial modulation, based on the instantaneous pattern of legitimate channel quality information that is unknown to eavesdroppers. Therefore, eavesdroppers cannot successfully decode the confidential information and the transmission over the legitimate link is secured from the wire-tap of eavesdroppers, without relying on higher-layer encryption. An important virtue of the proposed transmission strategy is that the transmitter does not need to know eavesdroppers' channels states at all. To further demonstrate the advantage of this scheme, its secrecy rate was formulated for the purpose of facilitating the performance evaluation. Moreover, illustrative numerical results pertaining to the metrics of ergodic secrecy rate and secrecy outage probability not only substantiate the validity of the proposed transmission strategy, but also provide useful references for the system design with the mapping-varied spatial modulation, from the view of physical layer security.
In this paper, we propose an adaptive antenna index (AI) mapping scheme with the aid of partial channel state information (CSI) (i.e., channel gain order information) of legitimate channel. Based on the received partial CSI that is unknown to an eavesdropper (Eve), transmitter (Tx) adapts AI mapping patterns. In addition, Tx also adapts transmit power allocation to each transmit antenna according to the partial CSI. Since Eve is unaware of the partial CSI of the legitimate channel, it cannot successfully decode the AI patterns; and transmission over the legitimate channel is secured from wiretapping of Eve. Further, we offer an accurate analytical framework for ergodic secrecy rate (ESR) and bit error rate (BER) of 2-ary space shift keying modulated multiple-input single-output system in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. Moreover, the analytical results of ESR and BER demonstrate the robustness of the proposed scheme. All numerical results are thoroughly verified by using the Monte Carlo simulations.
A secure spatial modulation based on artificial noise (AN-SM) is proposed. Different from the traditional spatial modulation schemes, the legitimate channel state information is utilized to convey part of information bits instead of amplitude phase modulation (APM) constellation. By this way, the normal transmit signals will become artificial noise to the eavesdropper, and it is impossible for the eavesdropper to know the legitimate channel state information. Consequently, the secrecy transmission could be achieved. Moreover, all transmit power is used to transmit the legitimate signals without any energy waste. The secrecy rate is analyzed, and the numerical results show that the new AN-SM scheme could achieve high secrecy rate.
Based on the objective reality of channel estimation error, this paper introduces a novel artificial noise (AN) aided spatial modulation (SM) secrecy-enhancing scheme under imperfect channel state information (CSI). In the proposed scheme, SM is used to activate one antenna from the transmit antennas, and the information symbols will be transmitted with the designed AN at each timeslot. By utilizing the legitimate channel's imperfect CSI, AN is generated across two adjacent timeslots. Because the CSI is known at the legitimate receiver, then it can perfectly cancel the AN. However, the eavesdropper knows nothing of the legitimate channel's CSI, so it can not recover any useful information from the AN. At the receiver, a new detection scheme that detects across two adjacent timeslots is also proposed. With imperfect CSI, the secrecy rate of the proposed scheme is derived over Rayleigh fading channels in order to investigate the performance. Moreover, based on the secrecy performance analysis, the lower bound of the ergodic secrecy rate (ESR), the corresponding closed form of the lower bound, and the approximated expression are also derived. The simulation results verified in this paper prove that the proposed scheme with imperfect CSI can achieve satisfactory performance.
A usual concern against physical layer security is that the legitimate parties would need to have (partial) channel state information (CSI) of the eavesdropper in order to design transmission schemes that provide secrecy. In this work, to overcome this concern, we consider the model where the eavesdropper's CSI is completely unknown at the legitimate transmitter(s) and the receiver. A static channel setting, and multiple antennas are considered for all parties, and it is assumed that the eavesdropper has perfect self-CSI. In this setting, assuming that the legitimate parties can employ a larger number of antennas than the eavesdropper, we provide a positive secure communication rate in the sense of strong secrecy. The achievable (guaranteed) secrecy rate we derive for the MIMO wiretap channel matches its converse in terms of secure degrees of freedom. As a side result of our approach, we also derive the secure degrees of freedom region for the MIMO MAC-wiretap channel where the transmitters and the intended receiver have the same number of antennas.