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Atomic physics in strong fields

Shih‐I Chu

Published Jun 1, 1991• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This report discusses: Microwave Driven Multiphoton Excitation Dynamics in Rydberg Atoms; Nonadiabatic Geometric Phases of Multiphoton Transitions in Dissipative Systems and Spin-j Systems; and Nonperturbative Treatments of Atomic and Molecular Processes in Intense Laser Fields.

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We present new developments in nonadiabatic geometric phases along two lines for systems undergoing changes of quantum state in intense fields. We first present a geometric representation of the non-Hermitian Schrodinger equation and introduce the notion of a complex multiphoton Aharonov-Anandan (AA) phase associated with dissipative two-level systems driven by periodic fields. The concept is further extended to include field modulation effects. We then develop the AA phase for spin-j systems in periodic fields and find conditions for cyclic evolution for general multi-level systems. In both cases, generalizations of the Floquet formalism lead to general analytical expressions for geometric phases that can be tested by experiments.

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A nonperturbative analysis is given for an $n$-level atom or molecule dressed by a Stark field and in single-photon or multiphoton (near) resonant interaction with coherent optical field modes, which may be intense. All the field amplitudes and phases may have nonadiabatic time variation. New formulas for probability amplitudes of states with finite lifetimes are given for atom-field levels swept or optical Stark shifted through resonance or into close approach. One of these includes the Landau-Zener formula as a special case. Power broadening is contained in these formulas. They are useful for both weak- and strong-field interaction. Further, it is shown that many familiar single-photon coherent transient phenomena have their analogs in the intense-field and the multiphoton domains. Two new effects, pulse-shape dependence in final transition probability and population inversion due to the nonadiabatic passage of an asymmetric pulse, are demonstrated with numerical results for the process $\mathrm{Na}(3s)+2\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Na}(5s)$. Finally, double resonance (single-photon and/or multiphoton) is analyzed, with discussion of adiabatic following and a derivation of a formula for level crossing. Generalization of an earlier procedure for solving the adiabatic eigenvalue problem of the whole atom-field system is given.

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The interactions between Rydberg atoms and microwave fields provide a robust platform for exploring non-equilibrium dynamics, exotic phases, and critical phenomena. In this work, we observe a phase transition from bistability to multistability in strongly interacting Rydberg atoms. By tuning the microwave field intensity, we drive the system through a transition from Z 2 - to Z 3 -symmetry breaking. This process features a hidden critical point where multistable states are intrinsically difficult to measure. By manipulating the initial state of the system, we successfully uncover a hidden multistable state and its dynamical trajectory, allowing us to track the hidden critical point. Furthermore, we observe multiple spectral phase transitions, indicating higher-order multistability induced by split Rydberg sublevels. These findings advance the manipulation of multistability in microwave-driven Rydberg systems and open new avenues for applications in non-equilibrium collective atomic physics.

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We present new developments in nonadiabatic geometric phases along two lines for systems undergoing changes of quantum state in intense fields. We first present a geometric representation of the non-Hermitian Schrodinger equation and introduce the notion of a complex multiphoton Aharonov-Anandan (AA) phase associated with dissipative two-level systems driven by periodic fields. The concept is further extended to include field modulation effects. We then develop the AA phase for spin-j systems in periodic fields and find conditions for cyclic evolution for general multi-level systems. In both cases, generalizations of the Floquet formalism lead to general analytical expressions for geometric phases that can be tested by experiments.
A nonperturbative analysis is given for an nnn-level atom or molecule dressed by a Stark field and in single-photon or multiphoton (near) resonant interaction with coherent optical field modes, which may be intense. All the field amplitudes and phases may have nonadiabatic time variation. New formulas for probability amplitudes of states with finite lifetimes are given for atom-field levels swept or optical Stark shifted through resonance or into close approach. One of these includes the Landau-Zener formula as a special case. Power broadening is contained in these formulas. They are useful for both weak- and strong-field interaction. Further, it is shown that many familiar single-photon coherent transient phenomena have their analogs in the intense-field and the multiphoton domains. Two new effects, pulse-shape dependence in final transition probability and population inversion due to the nonadiabatic passage of an asymmetric pulse, are demonstrated with numerical results for the process $\mathrm{Na}(3s)+2\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Na}(5s)$. Finally, double resonance (single-photon and/or multiphoton) is analyzed, with discussion of adiabatic following and a derivation of a formula for level crossing. Generalization of an earlier procedure for solving the adiabatic eigenvalue problem of the whole atom-field system is given.
The interactions between Rydberg atoms and microwave fields provide a robust platform for exploring non-equilibrium dynamics, exotic phases, and critical phenomena. In this work, we observe a phase transition from bistability to multistability in strongly interacting Rydberg atoms. By tuning the microwave field intensity, we drive the system through a transition from Z 2 - to Z 3 -symmetry breaking. This process features a hidden critical point where multistable states are intrinsically difficult to measure. By manipulating the initial state of the system, we successfully uncover a hidden multistable state and its dynamical trajectory, allowing us to track the hidden critical point. Furthermore, we observe multiple spectral phase transitions, indicating higher-order multistability induced by split Rydberg sublevels. These findings advance the manipulation of multistability in microwave-driven Rydberg systems and open new avenues for applications in non-equilibrium collective atomic physics.