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Radiation effects and defects in solids

Nonadiabatic geometric phases of multiphoton transitions in dissipative systems and spin-Jsystems

Eric G. Layton, Shih‐I Chu

Published Jul 1, 1994• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present new developments in nonadiabatic geometric phases along two lines for systems undergoing changes of quantum state in intense fields. We first present a geometric representation of the non-Hermitian Schrodinger equation and introduce the notion of a complex multiphoton Aharonov-Anandan (AA) phase associated with dissipative two-level systems driven by periodic fields. The concept is further extended to include field modulation effects. We then develop the AA phase for spin-j systems in periodic fields and find conditions for cyclic evolution for general multi-level systems. In both cases, generalizations of the Floquet formalism lead to general analytical expressions for geometric phases that can be tested by experiments.

DOI
10.1080/10420159108220500

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We present new developments in nonadiabatic geometric phases along two lines for systems undergoing changes of quantum state in intense fields. We first present a geometric representation of the non-Hermitian Schrodinger equation and introduce the notion of a complex multiphoton Aharonov-Anandan (AA) phase associated with dissipative two-level systems driven by periodic fields. The concept is further extended to include field modulation effects. We then develop the AA phase for spin-j systems in periodic fields and find conditions for cyclic evolution for general multi-level systems. In both cases, generalizations of the Floquet formalism lead to general analytical expressions for geometric phases that can be tested by experiments.
We show that cyclic quantum evolution can be realized and the Aharonov-Anandan (AA) geometric phase can be determined for any spin-j system driven by periodic fields. Two methods are extended for the study of this problem: the generalized spin-coherent-state technique and the Floquet quasienergy approach. Using the former approach, we have developed a generalized Bloch-sphere model and presented a SU(2) Lie-group formulation of the AA geometric phase in the spin-coherent state. We show that the AA phase is equal to j times the solid angle enclosed by the trajectory traced out by the tip of a generalized Bloch vector. General analytic formulas are obtained for the Bloch vector trajectory and the AA geometric phase in terms of external physical parameters. In addition to these findings, we have also approached the same problem from an alternative but complementary point of view without recourse to the concept of coherent-state terminology. Here we first determine the Floquet quasienergy eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the spin-j system driven by periodic fields. This in turn allows the construction of the time-evolution propagator, the total wave function, and the AA geometric phase in a more general fashion.
If the time evolution of a quantum state leads back to the initial state, a geometric phase is accumulated that is known as the Berry phase for adiabatic evolution or as the Aharonov-Anandan (AA) phase for nonadiabatic evolution. We evaluate these geometric phases using Floquet theory for systems in time-dependent external fields with a focus on paths leading through a degeneracy of the eigenenergies. Contrary to expectations, the low-frequency limits of the two phases do not always coincide. This happens as the degeneracy leads to a slow convergence of the quantum states to adiabaticity, resulting in a nonzero finite or divergent contribution to the AA phase. Steering the system adiabatically through a degeneracy provides control over the geometric phase as it can cause a π shift of the Berry phase. On the other hand, we revisit an example of degeneracy crossing proposed by AA. We find that, at suitable driving frequencies, both geometric-phase definitions give the same result and the dynamical phase is zero due to the symmetry of time evolution about the point of degeneracy, providing an advantageous setup for manipulation of quantum states.
For a T-periodic non-Hermitian Hamiltonian H(t), we construct a class of adiabatic cyclic states of period T which are not eigenstates of the initial Hamiltonian H(0). We show that the corresponding adiabatic geometric phase angles are real and discuss their relationship with the conventional complex adiabatic geometric phase angles. We present a detailed calculation of the new adiabatic cyclic states and their geometric phases for a non-Hermitian analog of the spin 1/2 particle in a precessing magnetic field. Since the publication of Berry’s paper [1] on the adiabatic geometrical phase, the subject has undergone a rapid development. Berry’s adiabatic geometric phase for periodic Hermitian Hamiltonians with a discrete nondegenerate spectrum has been generalized to arbitrary changes of a quantum state. In particular, the conditions on the adiabaticity [2] and cyclicity [3, 4, 5] of the evolution, Hermiticity of the Hamiltonian [6], and degeneracy [7] and discreteness [8] of its spectrum have been lifted. Moreover, the classical [9] and relativistic [10] analogues of the geometric phase have been considered. The purpose of this note is to offer an alternative generalization of Berry’s treatment of the adiabatic geometric phase for a non-Hermitian parametric Hamiltonian H[R] with a nondegenerate discrete spectrum. The parameters R = (R1, · · ·, Rn) are assumed to be real ∗E-mail address:
With the growing interest in non-Hermitian quantum systems, the concepts of geometric phase such as Berry phase, adiabatic non-Abelian geometric phase, and nonadiabatic Abelian geometric phase have been gradually extended from Hermitian to non-Hermitian quantum systems. However, extending the most general form, the nonadiabatic non-Abelian geometric phase, to non-Hermitian systems has remained an open problem. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing a formalism of the nonadiabatic non-Abelian geometric phase in non-Hermitian quantum systems. Our formalism is consistent with the previous extensions in non-Hermitian quantum systems, and can also naturally revert to the concepts of geometric phase in Hermitian quantum systems. It provides a general formulation of geometric phase for both Hermitian and non-Hermitian quantum systems.