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Chinese Optics Letters

Robust integration of nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds to optical fiber and its application in all-optical thermometry

Ce Bian, Minxuan Li, Wei Cao, Manli Hu, Zhiqin Chu, Ruohui Wang

Published Jan 1, 2021• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this Letter, we developed a robust method for integrating nanodiamonds (NDs) to optical fiber. The NDs, containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, were uniformly mixed with UV adhesive before coating the end surface of a multimode fiber as a hemispherical film. The excitation and collection efficiency of NV fluorescence can be enhanced by increasing the thickness of UV adhesive film and additional aluminum film deposition. The fiber-based quantum sensor was also experimentally demonstrated for all-optical thermometry application. The variation of the refractive index of UV adhesive under different temperatures will also affect the NV collection efficiency by changing the light confinement. The demonstrated facile integration approach paves the way for developing fiber-based quantum thermometry and magnetometry.

DOI
10.3788/col202119.120601

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In this Letter, we developed a robust method for integrating nanodiamonds (NDs) to optical fiber. The NDs, containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, were uniformly mixed with UV adhesive before coating the end surface of a multimode fiber as a hemispherical film. The excitation and collection efficiency of NV fluorescence can be enhanced by increasing the thickness of UV adhesive film and additional aluminum film deposition. The fiber-based quantum sensor was also experimentally demonstrated for all-optical thermometry application. The variation of the refractive index of UV adhesive under different temperatures will also affect the NV collection efficiency by changing the light confinement. The demonstrated facile integration approach paves the way for developing fiber-based quantum thermometry and magnetometry.
Efficient collection of photoluminescence arising from spin dynamics of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is important for practical applications involving precise magnetic field or temperature mapping. These goals may be realized by the integration of nanodiamond particles with optical fibers and volumetric doping of the particles alongside the fiber core. That approach combines the advantages of robust axial fixation of NV diamonds with a direct spatial overlap of their fluorescence with the guided mode of the fiber. We developed a suspended core silicate glass fiber with 750 nm-diameter nanodiamonds located centrally in the 1.5 µm-core cross-section along its axis. The developed fiber probe was tested for its magnetic sensing performance in optically detected magnetic resonance measurements using a 24 cm-long fiber sample, with the NV excitation and fluorescence collection from the far ends of the sample and yielding optical readout contrast of 7% resulting in 0.5 µT·Hz-1/2 magnetic field sensitivity, two orders of magnitude better than in earlier designs. Thanks to its improved fluorescence confinement, the developed probe could find application in magnetic sensing over extended fiber length, magnetic field mapping or gradiometry.
We propose a novel and efficient approach to incorporate quantum nanosensors in a tunable microstructure on the end facet of an optical fiber. Specifically, we fabricated a polymer microtip probe containing nanodiamonds using a light-induced self-writing waveguide technique. The shape of the microtips can be modulated by the curing parameters and their corresponding influence on embedded optical defects in nanodiamonds has been numerically and experimentally investigated. With the developed cone-like microtips serving as photonic structures, the introduced resonant peak at 690 nm enhances the fluorescence collection efficiency of incorporated nanodiamonds containing nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. Based on such a waveguide coupled NV fluorescence, we have found a new avenue for performing all-optical thermometry with improved performance. Considering its easy manufacturing and flexible architecture, our proposed microtip integrated with diamond defects will open up new possibilities for quantum enhanced fiber optic sensing.
We demonstrate cooling of ultrathin fiber tapers coupled with nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds to cryogenic temperatures. Nanodiamonds containing multiple NV centers are deposited on the subwavelength 480-nm-diameter nanofiber region of fiber tapers. The fiber tapers are successfully cooled to 9 K using our home-built mounting holder and an optimized cooling speed. The fluorescence from the nanodiamond NV centers is efficiently channeled into a single guided mode and shows characteristic sharp zero-phonon lines (ZPLs) of both neutral and negatively charged NV centers. The present nanofiber/nanodiamond hybrid systems at cryogenic temperatures can be used as NV-based quantum information devices and for highly sensitive nanoscale magnetometry in a cryogenic environment.
We experimentally demonstrate a simple and robust optical fiber based method to achieve simultaneously efficient excitation and fluorescence collection from Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) defects containing micro-crystalline diamond. We fabricate a suitable micro-concave mirror that focuses scattered excitation laser light into the diamond located at the focal point of the mirror. At the same instance, the mirror also couples the fluorescence light exiting out of the diamond crystal in the opposite direction of the optical fiber back into the optical fiber within its light acceptance cone. This part of fluorescence would have been otherwise lost from reaching the detector. Our proof-of-principle demonstration achieves a 25 times improvement in fluorescence collection compared to the case of not using any mirrors. The increase in light collection favors getting high signal-to-noise ratio optically detected magnetic resonance signals and hence offers a practical advantage in fiber-based NV quantum sensors. Additionally, we compacted the NV sensor system by replacing some bulky optical elements in the optical path with a 1 × 2 fiber optical coupler in our optical system. This reduces the complexity of the system and provides portability and robustness needed for applications like magnetic endoscopy and remote-magnetic sensing.
We demonstrate successful cooling of ultrathin fiber tapers and their coupling with nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds at cryogenic temperatures. Nanodiamonds containing multiple NV centers are deposited on ultrathin fiber tapers with diameters ranging from 450-500 nm. The fiber tapers were successfully cooled down to 9 K with our special fiber mount and an optimization of cooling speed. The fluorescence coupled with the fiber tapers showed characteristic sharp zero-phonon lines of neutral and negatively charged NV centers. The present demonstration is important for the future NV-based quantum information devices and sensitive nanoscale cryogenic magnetometry.
A magnetic field sensor based on a fiber-optic integrated probe at the center of a nitrogen vacancy (NV) is proposed and demonstrated. Fiber optics are utilized to replace all conventional spatial optics while efficiently enabling laser excitation and fluorescence collection from diamond. Optical models were developed to study the fluorescence collection efficiency of diamond. The fiber-coupled probe was simulated and its efficiency was improved to 3.062% compared to the 0.607% fluorescence coupling efficiency of the fiber. The optical probe magnetic resonance (ODMR) phenomenon was successfully observed and significantly improved the magnetic field sensitivity to 5.3 nT/Hz1/2, which proved the feasibility and performance compared with the conventional confocal NV-centered magnetometer.