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Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft

Statistical tests for quantum state reconstruction I: Theory

Matthias Kleinmann, Otfried Gühne, Tobias Moroder, Thomas Monz, Philipp Schindler, R. Blatt

Published Jan 1, 2012• 0 citations
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Related papers

Statistical tests for quantum state reconstruction II: Experiment

Philipp Schindler, Thomas Monz, Matthias Kleinmann +3 more

Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft•Jan 1, 2012•0 citations

CRQR: A Relational–Continuation–Statistical Reconstruction of Finite-Dimensional Complex Quantum Theory

Minglai Man

We present the final audited-closure formulation of CRQR, a principle-based reconstruction of finite-dimensional complex quantum theory from a pre-operational relational substrate. The reconstruction keeps structural possibility, physical test membership, quantitative statistical identity, classical control, topological closedness, finite-dimensionality, causal normalisation, and specifically quantum selection principles logically distinct. A possibility-only continuation quotient is shown to define only a structural proto-state; full operational states and transformations appear only after a Stable Statistical Experiment Sector and a regime-indexed all-context statistical quotient have been introduced. Stable Classical Control yields dyadic mixtures. A weak operational topology is then defined on actual deterministic preparation transformations, and Physical Operational Closedness requires operationally convergent physical preparations to have a physical preparation realising their limit. This yields full convexity and affine dynamics without adjoining nonphysical state points. Finite statistical separability gives a finite-dimensional affine representation and a canonical ordered real linearisation without assuming no-restriction or local faithfulness of process representations. The final bridge to the finite-dimensional causal operational theory used by Nakahira is rebuilt at the level of physical finite indexed tests. A single regime-indexed quotient is used throughout. Transformations are precisely quotient classes represented by outcomes of physical tests; deterministic and normalised states are distinguished and then proved equivalent; state-branch normalisability is formulated operationally; finite classical outcome processing is explicitly required to be statistically additive in every downstream context; and a Finite Sandwich Expansion theorem proves equivalence between CRQR complete-context equality and ancillary-sandwich equality. A canonical real-linear isomorphism between the CRQR state-space linearisation and Nakahira’s real state span supplies the missing finite-dimensionality/closedness match. These results yield an Exact Physical-OPT Extraction Theorem that verifies the required operational background before Local Equivalence or purification is invoked. Local Equivalence and Equivalent-System Purification, with one purifying system fixed for each system type, are introduced only afterwards. Conditional on Nakahira’s 2026 reconstruction theorem, the resulting sector is standard finite-dimensional complex quantum mechanics, with measurement no-restriction derived rather than assumed. A dependency audit makes explicit that physical operations precede their linear representations and that no Hilbert-space state, POVM, completely positive map, or complex tensor-product structure is inserted into the bridge.

•Aug 19, 2026•0 citations

Quantum State Reconstruction: A comparison of Maximum Likelihood

Hideo Mabuchi, J. K. Chin, Andrew C. Doherty +6 more

•Jan 1, 2001•0 citations

Experimental Test of the Principle of Tomographic Locality

Tristan S. Lismer, Kaleb B Felefele, Robert W. Spekkens +1 more

The principle of tomographic locality states that the operational state of a multipartite system can be fully characterized by the statistics obtained from measurements that are local to the individual subsystems. This property holds in quantum theory and features prominently in axiomatic reconstructions of the theory, where it serves to rule out a wide class of alternatives. For instance, quantum theory with Hilbert spaces defined over the real field (rather than the complex field) is an example of a theory that is ruled out in this fashion. Given its foundational importance, it is worthwhile to subject this principle to a direct experimental test. Specifically, we consider an experiment on the polarization degrees of freedom of a pair of photonic modes in a prepare-and-measure scenario and analyze the resulting data within the framework of generalized probabilistic theories. The signature of a failure of tomographic locality is that there are pairs of states on the bipartite system that can only be distinguished by the statistics they yield for non-separable measurements. In the full quantum setting, we find no evidence of a violation of tomographic locality. As a test of our analysis method, we also verify that if we restrict attention to those states and measurements that lie within the fragment described by quantum theory over the real field, then a clear signature of the failure of tomographic locality is observed.

arXiv:2506.07775•Jun 9, 2025•0 citations

Quantum State Reconstruction

Stefan Weigert

Compendium of Quantum Physics•Jan 1, 2009•1 citation

Statistical Methods in Quantum Theory

R. J. CLARK, William Harold Watson

Nature•Jul 7, 1928•0 citations
We present the final audited-closure formulation of CRQR, a principle-based reconstruction of finite-dimensional complex quantum theory from a pre-operational relational substrate. The reconstruction keeps structural possibility, physical test membership, quantitative statistical identity, classical control, topological closedness, finite-dimensionality, causal normalisation, and specifically quantum selection principles logically distinct. A possibility-only continuation quotient is shown to define only a structural proto-state; full operational states and transformations appear only after a Stable Statistical Experiment Sector and a regime-indexed all-context statistical quotient have been introduced. Stable Classical Control yields dyadic mixtures. A weak operational topology is then defined on actual deterministic preparation transformations, and Physical Operational Closedness requires operationally convergent physical preparations to have a physical preparation realising their limit. This yields full convexity and affine dynamics without adjoining nonphysical state points. Finite statistical separability gives a finite-dimensional affine representation and a canonical ordered real linearisation without assuming no-restriction or local faithfulness of process representations. The final bridge to the finite-dimensional causal operational theory used by Nakahira is rebuilt at the level of physical finite indexed tests. A single regime-indexed quotient is used throughout. Transformations are precisely quotient classes represented by outcomes of physical tests; deterministic and normalised states are distinguished and then proved equivalent; state-branch normalisability is formulated operationally; finite classical outcome processing is explicitly required to be statistically additive in every downstream context; and a Finite Sandwich Expansion theorem proves equivalence between CRQR complete-context equality and ancillary-sandwich equality. A canonical real-linear isomorphism between the CRQR state-space linearisation and Nakahira’s real state span supplies the missing finite-dimensionality/closedness match. These results yield an Exact Physical-OPT Extraction Theorem that verifies the required operational background before Local Equivalence or purification is invoked. Local Equivalence and Equivalent-System Purification, with one purifying system fixed for each system type, are introduced only afterwards. Conditional on Nakahira’s 2026 reconstruction theorem, the resulting sector is standard finite-dimensional complex quantum mechanics, with measurement no-restriction derived rather than assumed. A dependency audit makes explicit that physical operations precede their linear representations and that no Hilbert-space state, POVM, completely positive map, or complex tensor-product structure is inserted into the bridge.
The principle of tomographic locality states that the operational state of a multipartite system can be fully characterized by the statistics obtained from measurements that are local to the individual subsystems. This property holds in quantum theory and features prominently in axiomatic reconstructions of the theory, where it serves to rule out a wide class of alternatives. For instance, quantum theory with Hilbert spaces defined over the real field (rather than the complex field) is an example of a theory that is ruled out in this fashion. Given its foundational importance, it is worthwhile to subject this principle to a direct experimental test. Specifically, we consider an experiment on the polarization degrees of freedom of a pair of photonic modes in a prepare-and-measure scenario and analyze the resulting data within the framework of generalized probabilistic theories. The signature of a failure of tomographic locality is that there are pairs of states on the bipartite system that can only be distinguished by the statistics they yield for non-separable measurements. In the full quantum setting, we find no evidence of a violation of tomographic locality. As a test of our analysis method, we also verify that if we restrict attention to those states and measurements that lie within the fragment described by quantum theory over the real field, then a clear signature of the failure of tomographic locality is observed.