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Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Third-order photon cross-correlations in resonance fluorescence

Yamil Nieves, Andreas Müller

Published Oct 19, 2020• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigated third-order correlations between photons from a single quantum dot's resonance fluorescence in the strong excitation regime originating from opposite sidebands of the power spectrum. The three-time correlation measurements for photons filtered using three independent Fabry-Perot etalons resulted in correlation maps with ``antibunching'' features as a consequence of correlations originating from the same sideband, and ``bunching ridges'' due to opposite sideband correlated photons.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.102.155418

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We investigated third-order correlations between photons from a single quantum dot's resonance fluorescence in the strong excitation regime originating from opposite sidebands of the power spectrum. The three-time correlation measurements for photons filtered using three independent Fabry-Perot etalons resulted in correlation maps with antibunching'' features as a consequence of correlations originating from the same sideband, and bunching ridges'' due to opposite sideband correlated photons.
Recently, the concept of an ''NNN-photon spectrum'' -- a spectrally resolved NNN-photon correlation function -- has been introduced as an innovative quantum optics characterization tool that uniquely reveals information about pathways underlying the generation of light in a given source. Here, the authors investigate experimentally the three-photon spectrum of resonance fluorescence from a single semiconductor quantum dot. The observations agree with previous theoretical work, revealing significantly more pronounced photon antibunching at the Mollow triplet sidebands and more strongly correlated emission through virtual states compared to the two-photon counterpart.
We investigated the first and second-order correlations of the light scattered near-resonantly by a quantum dot under excitation by a frequency comb, i.e., a periodically pulsed laser source. In contrast to its monochromatic counterpart, the pulsed resonance fluorescence spectrum features a superposition of sidebands distributed around a central peak with maximal sideband intensity near the Rabi frequency. Distinguishing between the coherently and incoherently scattered light reveals pulse-area dependent Rabi oscillations evolving with different phase for each component. Our observations, which can be reproduced theoretically, may impact schemes for remote entanglement based on pulsed two-photon interference.
We study the photon correlations between the output of two spectral filters set within the fluorescence triplet of a two-state atom. The time uncertainty arising from the spectral resolution of the filters implies a possible interference between opposite orders of emission, contributing to the same detection order. Furthermore, the fluorescent emission is a quantum-mechanical process, and successive emissions in different components do not commute. The correlation functions are affected both by the memory time of the filters and by the noncommutativity of successive emissions. When the two filter bandwidths are larger than the widths of the components, this only modifies the short-time behavior of the correlation functions between two photons from different spectral components. For narrow filters, the entire correlation function is dominated by memory-time effects. Positive (bunching) correlations arise when the two filters are set at the same frequency, and also when they are positioned symmetrically at opposite sides of the driving frequency.
Resonance fluorescence has played a major role in quantum optics with predictions and later experimental confirmation of nonclassical features of its emitted light such as antibunching or squeezing. In the Rayleigh regime where most of the light originates from the scattering of photons with subnatural linewidth, antibunching would appear to coexist with sharp spectral lines. Here, we demonstrate that this simultaneous observation of subnatural linewidth and antibunching is not possible with simple resonant excitation. Using an epitaxial quantum dot for the two-level system, we independently confirm the single-photon character and subnatural linewidth by demonstrating antibunching in a Hanbury Brown and Twiss type setup and using high-resolution spectroscopy, respectively. However, when filtering the coherently scattered photons with filter bandwidths on the order of the homogeneous linewidth of the excited state of the two-level system, the antibunching dip vanishes in the correlation measurement. Our observation is explained by antibunching originating from photon-interferences between the coherent scattering and a weak incoherent signal in a skewed squeezed state. This prefigures schemes to achieve simultaneous subnatural linewidth and antibunched emission.