Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE Access

Fabrication and Characterization of a Quantum Voltage Noise Source Chip for a Johnson Noise Thermometer

Yuan Zhong, Kunli Zhou, Jinjin Li, Jifeng Qu, Wenhui Cao, Xueshen Wang, Zegang Ni, Qina Han, Mingyu Zhang, Qing Zhong

Published Jan 1, 2021• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A Johnson noise thermometer (JNT) determines the thermodynamic temperature through cross-correlation measurement of the Johnson noise in a sense resistor at an unknown temperature. In the quantum voltage calibrated JNT system, a superconductive quantum voltage noise source (QVNS) is required to produce artificial pseudo-random noise to calibrate the gain of the cross-correlation electronics. In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of the QVNS chip. Compared with our previous design, a new straightforward mirror symmetric layout is implemented. For this layout, the coplanar waveguides (CPWs) have the same lengths and transmission parameters. Equal pulse magnitudes are delivered to each Josephson junction array under the same output settings of the bipolar pattern generator. The modified QVNS chip is thereby enhanced because the quantum locking range is enlarged. A copper foil shielding package is used to eliminate crosstalk in this design. The first spectral comparison of two Josephson junction (JJ) arrays of with and without shielding is presented in this paper. The comparative results demonstrate that the shielding is effective. The abovementioned improvements enable us to synthesize both single and multitone waveforms with good spectral results, such that the chip satisfies the requirement of a QVNS-based JNT system for temperature measurements.

DOI
10.1109/access.2021.3103884

Related papers

Development of quantum voltage noise source chip for precision measurement of Boltzmann constant

Wang Lan-Ruo, Yuan Zhong, Jinjin Li +7 more

The Johnson noise thermometer is used to precisely measure Boltzmann constant by comparing the thermal noise caused by charge movement and the quantized voltage reference noise synthesized by the quantum voltage noise source (QVNS). The QVNS signal is synthesized based on quantized voltage pulses produced by two channels of superconducting Josephson junction arrays, which are designed for cross-correlation electronics. The Nb/NbxSi1-x/Nb Josephson junction is used as a core device of QVNS chip in this work for its non-hysteretic current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and conveniently adjustable barrier parameters.In this paper, we present the design consideration, fabrication process, and measurement results of the QVNS chip. The QVNS chip contains two Josephson junction arrays, each consists of four 6 μm×12 μm junctions and is embedded in a 50 Ω coplanar waveguide transmission line. The random noise in signals from the two driven channels is eliminated by cross-correlation, and then an accurate quantum noise is obtained. Test chips with different areas of Josephson junctions are also designed on the same mask, aiming at estimating the variation range of Ic. The typical fabrication process for voltage standard chips in our laboratory is used for preparing the QVNS chip.The sample is measured at 4.2 K. The DC I-V curve shows that the critical current Ic is 6.1 mA. The I-V characteristics of the junctions under 5 GHz microwave radiation are measured. For a series array of four junctions, a 41.44 μV one-stage Shapiro step is observed. Calculation shows that the error between the measurement and theoretical value of 41.36 μV is about 1.9‰, which means that the QVNS chip performs well under microwave radiation and can be used for synthesizing the AC quantum voltage reference noise.A single-frequency 100 kHz sinusoidal waveform is synthesized by the QVNS chip under pulse driven signal. A spectrum of the synthesized sinusoidal waveform shows a single peak, which means that the digital pulse signal is perfectly filtered by Josephson junction arrays and the synthesized signals possess quantum accuracy. The results indicate that our chip has good dynamic response and works well in synthesizing a single-frequency AC quantum voltage signal. This work can provide core devices for the noise thermometry system and support the precise measurement of Boltzmann constant as well as redefinition of Kelvin in future. As a next step, the design and package will be further improved, and the probe module will be optimized to reduce the measurement uncertainty.

Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 2018•3 citations

Multitone Waveform Synthesis With a Quantum Voltage Noise Source

Samuel P. Benz, Paul D. Dresselhaus, Charles J. Burroughs

We have developed a quantum voltage noise source (QVNS) based on pulse-driven Josephson arrays and optimized its waveform synthesis for use with Johnson noise thermometry (JNT). The QVNS synthesizes multitone waveforms with equal amplitude harmonic tones and random relative phases in order to characterize the amplitude-frequency response of the analog and digital electronics of the JNT system. We describe the QVNS circuit design and operation, including the lumped-array Josephson-junction circuit and the unipolar bias technique. In particular, we describe the primary design considerations that determine the voltage accuracy of the harmonic tones.

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Nov 17, 2010•29 citations

Characterization of programmable integrated quantum voltage noise source with variable power spectral density

Tomoya Irimatsugawa, Chiharu Urano, Takahiro Yamada

A quantum voltage noise source (QVNS) based on the Josephson effect as a reference signal is indispensable in precise Johnson noise thermometry (JNT) because it provides quantum accurate power spectral density (PSD) represented by some physical constants and design parameters. An integrated QVNS (IQVNS) device that integrates the circuit elements required for generation of a QVNS signal into one chip has been developed at AIST. The PSD of IQVNS should be variable for precise JNT measurement over a wide temperature range. Here, a new IQVNS device with variable PSD—programmable IQVNS—was developed and the values of the PSD were experimentally confirmed to be consistent with the theoretical values for various design parameters. Thus, JNT measurement over a wide temperature range can be realized with the IQVNS.

IEICE Electronics Express•Dec 20, 2021•0 citations

An AC Josephson source for Johnson noise thermometry

Samuel P. Benz, John M. Martinis, Paul D. Dresselhaus +1 more

We have adapted the Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer to create a quantized voltage noise source suitable for calibrating the cross-correlation electronics of a Johnson noise thermometer system. The requirements of long term stability and low voltage amplitude allow dramatic simplification of the bias electronics compared to previous circuits. We describe the bias technique and the superconducting integrated circuit used to generate the pseudo-noise waveforms.

Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements•Jun 25, 2003•3 citations

Integrated quantum voltage noise source for Johnson noise thermometry

Masaaki Maezawa, Takahiro Yamada, Chiharu Urano

We have been developing a new implementation of quantum voltage noise source (QVNS), an integrated QVNS (IQVNS), for Johnson noise thermometry (JNT) in thermal metrology. We designed an IQVNS chip based on rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) technology. A general formula for the output power spectrum has been derived by using a Fourier analysis method, which shows that the spectrum is calculable with sufficiently small errors for practical JNT measurements.

Journal of Physics Conference Series•May 12, 2014•17 citations

Integrated quantum voltage noise source for Johnson noise thermometry

Masaaki Maezawa, Takahiro Yamada, Chiharu Urano

We have been developing a new implementation of quantum voltage noise source (QVNS), an integrated QVNS (IQVNS), for Johnson noise thermometry (JNT) in thermal metrology. We designed an IQVNS chip based on rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) technology. A general formula for the output power spectrum has been derived by using a Fourier analysis method, which shows that the spectrum is calculable with sufficiently small errors for practical JNT measurements.

IEICE Technical Report; IEICE Tech. Rep.•Jan 17, 2013•0 citations
A Johnson noise thermometer (JNT) determines the thermodynamic temperature through cross-correlation measurement of the Johnson noise in a sense resistor at an unknown temperature. In the quantum voltage calibrated JNT system, a superconductive quantum voltage noise source (QVNS) is required to produce artificial pseudo-random noise to calibrate the gain of the cross-correlation electronics. In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of the QVNS chip. Compared with our previous design, a new straightforward mirror symmetric layout is implemented. For this layout, the coplanar waveguides (CPWs) have the same lengths and transmission parameters. Equal pulse magnitudes are delivered to each Josephson junction array under the same output settings of the bipolar pattern generator. The modified QVNS chip is thereby enhanced because the quantum locking range is enlarged. A copper foil shielding package is used to eliminate crosstalk in this design. The first spectral comparison of two Josephson junction (JJ) arrays of with and without shielding is presented in this paper. The comparative results demonstrate that the shielding is effective. The abovementioned improvements enable us to synthesize both single and multitone waveforms with good spectral results, such that the chip satisfies the requirement of a QVNS-based JNT system for temperature measurements.
The Johnson noise thermometer is used to precisely measure Boltzmann constant by comparing the thermal noise caused by charge movement and the quantized voltage reference noise synthesized by the quantum voltage noise source (QVNS). The QVNS signal is synthesized based on quantized voltage pulses produced by two channels of superconducting Josephson junction arrays, which are designed for cross-correlation electronics. The Nb/NbxSi1-x/Nb Josephson junction is used as a core device of QVNS chip in this work for its non-hysteretic current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and conveniently adjustable barrier parameters.In this paper, we present the design consideration, fabrication process, and measurement results of the QVNS chip. The QVNS chip contains two Josephson junction arrays, each consists of four 6 μm×12 μm junctions and is embedded in a 50 Ω coplanar waveguide transmission line. The random noise in signals from the two driven channels is eliminated by cross-correlation, and then an accurate quantum noise is obtained. Test chips with different areas of Josephson junctions are also designed on the same mask, aiming at estimating the variation range of Ic. The typical fabrication process for voltage standard chips in our laboratory is used for preparing the QVNS chip.The sample is measured at 4.2 K. The DC I-V curve shows that the critical current Ic is 6.1 mA. The I-V characteristics of the junctions under 5 GHz microwave radiation are measured. For a series array of four junctions, a 41.44 μV one-stage Shapiro step is observed. Calculation shows that the error between the measurement and theoretical value of 41.36 μV is about 1.9‰, which means that the QVNS chip performs well under microwave radiation and can be used for synthesizing the AC quantum voltage reference noise.A single-frequency 100 kHz sinusoidal waveform is synthesized by the QVNS chip under pulse driven signal. A spectrum of the synthesized sinusoidal waveform shows a single peak, which means that the digital pulse signal is perfectly filtered by Josephson junction arrays and the synthesized signals possess quantum accuracy. The results indicate that our chip has good dynamic response and works well in synthesizing a single-frequency AC quantum voltage signal. This work can provide core devices for the noise thermometry system and support the precise measurement of Boltzmann constant as well as redefinition of Kelvin in future. As a next step, the design and package will be further improved, and the probe module will be optimized to reduce the measurement uncertainty.
We have developed a quantum voltage noise source (QVNS) based on pulse-driven Josephson arrays and optimized its waveform synthesis for use with Johnson noise thermometry (JNT). The QVNS synthesizes multitone waveforms with equal amplitude harmonic tones and random relative phases in order to characterize the amplitude-frequency response of the analog and digital electronics of the JNT system. We describe the QVNS circuit design and operation, including the lumped-array Josephson-junction circuit and the unipolar bias technique. In particular, we describe the primary design considerations that determine the voltage accuracy of the harmonic tones.
A quantum voltage noise source (QVNS) based on the Josephson effect as a reference signal is indispensable in precise Johnson noise thermometry (JNT) because it provides quantum accurate power spectral density (PSD) represented by some physical constants and design parameters. An integrated QVNS (IQVNS) device that integrates the circuit elements required for generation of a QVNS signal into one chip has been developed at AIST. The PSD of IQVNS should be variable for precise JNT measurement over a wide temperature range. Here, a new IQVNS device with variable PSD—programmable IQVNS—was developed and the values of the PSD were experimentally confirmed to be consistent with the theoretical values for various design parameters. Thus, JNT measurement over a wide temperature range can be realized with the IQVNS.