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Entanglement -a Realistic Resolution of the Riddle No need to attribute non-locality in spacetime to Quantum Mechanics

Shlomo Barak

Published Jan 1, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Our resolution of the entanglement riddle dispels the need to attribute non-locality in spacetime to Quantum Mechanics.Our resolution is based on the following arguments:According to Quantum Field Theory (QFT), the photon and its ground state photon - the Photom, as we call it – are quantized excitations of the electromagnetic field and not “separated” entities.The “probabilistic nature” of the photon (Malus Law) is related, not to its own nature, but to it entering the polarizer with an ensemble of photoms.Spontaneous emission of a photon is an induced emission by a photom and actually by an ensemble of identical photoms in phase, that travel with the photon.These arguments lead us to conclude that, in contrast to current understanding, the going of an “individual” photon through a polarizer’s port is pre-determined.This led us to the resolution of the entanglement long standing riddle.

DOI
10.13140/rg.2.2.34895.50084

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Our resolution of the entanglement riddle dispels the need to attribute non-locality in spacetime to Quantum Mechanics.Our resolution is based on the following arguments:According to Quantum Field Theory (QFT), the photon and its ground state photon - the Photom, as we call it – are quantized excitations of the electromagnetic field and not “separated” entities.The “probabilistic nature” of the photon (Malus Law) is related, not to its own nature, but to it entering the polarizer with an ensemble of photoms.Spontaneous emission of a photon is an induced emission by a photom and actually by an ensemble of identical photoms in phase, that travel with the photon.These arguments lead us to conclude that, in contrast to current understanding, the going of an “individual” photon through a polarizer’s port is pre-determined.This led us to the resolution of the entanglement long standing riddle.
Quantum entanglement is widely regarded as the most puzzling phenomenon in quantum mechanics---two particles, no matter how far apart, appear to instantly determine each other's state upon measurement. For a century, this has been interpreted as "nonlocal correlation" or "spooky action at a distance", yet none of these interpretations have answered a fundamental question: What is the physical carrier of the correlation? This paper offers a simple answer using Time Field Theory (TFT): Entanglement is not the transmission of information, but the inevitable geometric consequence of conservation laws. In TFT, spacetime is governed by strict conservation laws---local intrinsic total velocity conservation and spacetime flux conservation together form the underlying logic of the theory. An entangled photon pair emerges from the ground state of the background time field, and their total phase is locked by the conservation law: the two photons combined must return to the original ground state, because the default setting of the universe allows nothing to be created or lost without constraint. Measurement merely "reads out" this pre-written result. No information transfer is needed, because a conservation law is not a signal---it is the default constraint of the cosmic background. This interpretation requires no wave-function collapse, no postulate of nonlocality, no hidden variables, and no "observer trigger". It is simply an inevitable corollary of the strict conservation laws that permeate TFT. The mystery of entanglement is not a riddle of nature, but a consequence of asking the wrong question---we have always thought something was being transmitted, when in fact nothing is. This is the 12th paper in the Time Field Theory (TFT) series.
Quantum mechanics is a probabilistic theory of the universe suggestive of a mean value theory similar to thermodynamics prior to the introduction of the atomic theory. If QM will follow a similar path to thermodynamics, then a local deterministic theory must be developed which matches QM predictions. There have been four tough barriers to a local theory of light, of which Bell’s Theorem has been considered the ultimate barrier. The other three barriers are explaining spontaneous emission, the reflection of a small fraction of light at a dielectric interface and the splitting action of a polarizer on polarized light (Malus’ Law). The challenge is that in a local theory of light, everything must have a specific cause and effect. There can be nothing spontaneous or hidden. Local solutions to all four of these barriers are presented in this paper, integrating results from two previous papers and adding the solution paths to the third and fourth barriers as well, which are nearly identical. A previous paper [1] used results from Einstein’s famous 1917 paper on stimulated emission to provide a deterministic local model for spontaneous emission. A second paper [2] showed that QM predictions in tests of Bell’s theorem could be matched with a local model by modifying the definition of entanglement in a manner invisible to quantum mechanics. This paper summarizes and extends those two results and then presents a deterministic model of reflection from a dielectric interface and transmission of polarized light through a polarizer that both match quantum mechanics. As the framework of a local theory of light emerges, it is not surprising that we find corners of physics where small disagreements with quantum mechanics are predicted. A new Bell type test is described in this paper which can distinguish the local from the nonlocal theory, giving predictions that must disagree slightly but significantly with quantum mechanics. If such experiments are proven to disagree with quantum mechanics, then the door to a local theory of light will be opened.
Abstract Quantum entanglement and quantum nonlocality are examined in the context of the fundamental relationship between spacetime symmetry and conservation laws. It is established that quantum nonlocality arises from the very structure of spacetime. Arguments are presented in favor of the secondary nature of the spacetime continuum relative to more fundamental principles and concepts of the microworld. An example is given of a closed quantum entangled system, which demonstrates that such a system behaves as an indivisible whole: its particles are inseparably linked through the conservation of momentum. Physically, this manifests as strict correlations in measurements—correlations that must be nonlocal in nature. This supports the idea that there exist deep mechanisms of coordination, such as the principle of reciprocity between coordinate and momentum representations, and binary relations permeating the fabric of nonlocal spacetime. To understand the coherent behavior of such systems, it is necessary to move beyond local reductionism and accept the objective reality of global connections that bind the elements of the system into a unified ensemble.
Recent experiments on the classic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) setting claim to test the compatibility between nonlocal quantum entanglement and the (special) theory of relativity. Confirmation of quantum theory has led to the interpretation that Einstein's image of physical reality for each photon in the EPR pair cannot be maintained. A detailed critique on two representative experiments is presented following the original EPR notion of local realism. It is argued that relativity does not enter into the picture, however for the Bell-Bohm version of local realism in terms of hidden variables such experiments are significant. Of the two alternatives, namely incompleteness of quantum theory for describing an individual quantum system, and the ensemble view, it is only the former that has been ruled out by the experiments. An alternative approach gives a statistical ensemble interpretation of the observed data, and the significant conclusion that these experiments do not deny physical reality of the photon is obtained. After discussing the need for a photon model, a vortex structure is proposed based on the space-time invariant property-spin, and pure gauge fields. To test the prime role of spin for photons and the angular-momentum interpretation of electromagnetic fields, experimental schemes feasible in modern laboratories are suggested.