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International Scientific-Practical Conference Problems of Infocommunications Science and Technology

Synchronization of High-Speed Quantum Random Number Generators via Digital Television Channels

Олексій Нарєжній, Tetiana Grinenko, Maksym Trotsko, О. О. Костиря

Published Oct 6, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The problem of synchronizing the process of generating secret keys by quantum random number generators via different communication channels is relevant for promising cryptographic complexes for various purposes. Reference timestamps broadcast by Global Navigation Satellite Systems of various countries have found wide application in synchronization systems for the generation and transmission of cryptographic keys. Signals from these systems are susceptible to spoofing and jamming attacks, which have been implemented in practice by various researchers. Therefore, it is proposed to use digital television channels as an alternative channel for transmitting timestamps. The process of synchronization using signals from digital television channels is understudied.This paper presents an algorithm for extracting reference timestamps from the wavelet spectrum of an image broadcast on digital television channels. The algorithm is based on the selection of the vector of wavelet coefficients of the video signal fragment corresponding to the timestamp. The procedure for extracting the wavelet spectrum of the timestamp is carried out using a multilayer neural network. Timestamps are used to temporally synchronize the process of generating secret keys by a quantum random number generator.

DOI
10.1109/picst51311.2020.9467948

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The problem of synchronizing the process of generating secret keys by quantum random number generators via different communication channels is relevant for promising cryptographic complexes for various purposes. Reference timestamps broadcast by Global Navigation Satellite Systems of various countries have found wide application in synchronization systems for the generation and transmission of cryptographic keys. Signals from these systems are susceptible to spoofing and jamming attacks, which have been implemented in practice by various researchers. Therefore, it is proposed to use digital television channels as an alternative channel for transmitting timestamps. The process of synchronization using signals from digital television channels is understudied.This paper presents an algorithm for extracting reference timestamps from the wavelet spectrum of an image broadcast on digital television channels. The algorithm is based on the selection of the vector of wavelet coefficients of the video signal fragment corresponding to the timestamp. The procedure for extracting the wavelet spectrum of the timestamp is carried out using a multilayer neural network. Timestamps are used to temporally synchronize the process of generating secret keys by a quantum random number generator.
Abstract: In symmetric encryption systems, secure messages are exchanged with the encrypted message sent over a public channel and the key over a secure channel. Quantum key distribution is an alternative method to share a common key without having to transmit the key. However, it is still in the development stage and possibly proves to be expensive and impractical in the foreseen future. It is useful to have a cheaper and simpler protocol to locally generate the secret key at the sender and receiver locations. In this work, we propose the capturing of bits from an external source such as a radio or a satellite digital transmission to locally generate a mutual key. We introduce a synchronization technique and a framework to ensure that both parties will be receiving the same bit string. The protocol stages include a synchronizing bit-pattern, capturing a bit string and then processing it. The resulting pseudo random bit string is then hashed to provide the required key. The nature of the signal, the vast selection of the timeframe, the downloading sequence, the various source stations and other parameters ensure eavesdropping to be exceedingly unmanageable.
The work is devoted to the study of the problems of using the technology of quantum distribution of secret keys, namely the problems of using and forming new secret keys, based on the generation of quantum keys and the distribution of new keys in networks of complex topologies. In secure communication systems, information is transmitted over public networks, and thus is available to a potential attacker for carrying out various types of attacks. A potential attacker is able to store encrypted data transmitted over network channels, and attempt to decrypt it later, when technical means and attacks on information protection algorithms will allow, in an acceptable time, to carry out decryption. This is the basic principle of "Store now, decrypt later", which is one of the problems of information protection systems. For block ciphers, there is a parameter - the key load, which limits the amount of information that one key can process using the data protection algorithm. NIST recommends a time frame for using secret keys, calculated in years. In the field of information security, there are more significant restrictions on the key load, related to the number of blocks that can be processed by one key, caused by attacks on block ciphers. With these restrictions, there is a need to regularly change the secret key used, and search for options for generating and delivering keys between two network nodes that organize a secure information transmission channel. Changing the secret key to a new key, independent of the previous one, allows you to protect the transfer of confidential information when the key used is compromised. The technology of creating a quantum computer allows you to effectively attack known algorithms for generating secret keys based on the factorization of large numbers or the complexity of calculating a discrete logarithm. The quantum Shor algorithm [5, 6] allows you to solve these problems in polynomial time, so it is necessary to look for alternative solutions to the problem of regular changes in the network channel of the secret key in a pair of nodes. It is important to take into account the need to ensure the quality of Perfect forward secrecy, when the master key is compromised, all subsequent secret keys must not be compromised. To achieve this property of modern encryption algorithms, there is a periodic update of master keys. To prevent the accumulation of information, to successfully carry out attacks by the attacker and to comply with the load requirement on the secret key, it is necessary to solve the problem of regular changes of the secret, and regular generation/delivery of keys to network nodes. Given the urgent needs that are intensively developing today in the secure and high-speed transmission of information, and no less, the rapid growth of technical capabilities, there is a need to develop options in advance that will ensure the security of information during transmission. Regular change, in geographically dispersed data protection systems, of common secret keys, in the case of ensuring the independence of secret keys, allows successfully solving the task.
Industrial networks are frequently utilized for safety-critical applications that demand real-time requirements. Message scheduling or timestamp is typically a key component of such applications, which are typically time-triggered. Timestamps at each party in quantum communication must be synchronized or share a common understanding of time for secure communication. Clock synchronization is thus a key component of real-time networks. Despite the benefits of time synchronization, enforcing clock synchronization on behalf of several quantum channel parties and preventing attacks from an adversary is still tricky. This paper identifies a possible attack on time synchronization and a way to solve the aforementioned issues. Therefore, we need a protocol that establishes a secure environment in terms of security with time synchronization so that various parties may freely and openly communicate. This paper also addresses significant research gaps in time synchronization and how it might be realized and applied to quantum communication. These include recommendations for new directions to be taken based on existing protocols.
Defense, finance, navigation and global internet constellations are now dependent on satellite communication. Nevertheless, the majority of systems continue to use classical pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) to encrypt and authenticate, and these are susceptible to prediction, replay and side-channel attacks. This paper presents a design of a model to incorporate Quantum True Random Number Generators (QTRNGs) to tap into natural randomness of quantum phenomena into satellite communication systems. The design is a gate based QRNG design based on Hadamard, SX and Pauli-Z gates, which are implemented and tested with NIST 800-22 and NIST 800-90B tests. The protocol architecture uses QRNGs to generate secure keys in ground-to-satellite and inter-satellite links. It shows a better result in entropy, unpredictability and attack resistance. The suggested architecture illustrates the ability of satellites enabled by QRNG to ensure the real-time and futureproof security of the worldwide communication networks.
One of the solutions to the problem of secure communication is the Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) which generate true randomness based on quantum mechanical principles.QRNGs are different from conventional pseudo random number generator in that they use quantum uncertainty to generate outputs which are very unpredictable.This work attempts to examine different QRNG architectures, study the possible integration of cryptographic frameworks with these architectures and highlight potential vulnerabilities in the integration of cryptographic frameworks with QRNG architectures.Post-processing techniques, i.e.Zero-Phase Component Analysis (ZPCA) and neural network based techniques are also studied to increase entropy and suppress environmental noise in QRNG systems.Key findings show that system jitter models based QRNG architectures are more scalable and less expensive for use in real world applications.Additionally, incorporating cryptographic protocols with the QRNGs endows them with the ability to resist quantum threats, and hence, provide better key distribution in the secure IoT communication frameworks.However, as security problems such as side channel attacks and hardware manipulation are still big issues.It also points out some of the emerging research trends including hybrid QRNG architectures, i.e., QRNG with classical PRNG to increase the entropy rate.As such, the proposed methodologies attempt to enhance QRNG scalability, security, and energy efficiency in cloud infrastructures, in mobile systems and in critical security environments.The advancement of these technologies will assume a crucial function in the advancement of quantum-safe frames for current advanced computerized foundation.