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Photonics for Quantum (PfQ)

Supporting long distance entanglement distribution with room temperature quantum repeaters

Noël L. Goddard

Published Jul 12, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Distributing entanglement over long distances is a core challenge of Quantum Communications. Quantum repeaters, hosting entanglement swapping protocols, have been proposed as a viable solution, though they have yet to be realized commercially. Basic research groups have demonstrated memory-assisted entanglement swapping using NV diamond centers or cold atomic vapor memories. Qunnect is building a product suite to support entanglement swapping based on warm atomic vapor. While the engineering of these systems is challenging, the elimination of extreme cooling and vacuum support provides numerous advantages for network scalability. I will discuss our progress to date and upcoming fiber testbed demonstrations.

DOI
10.1117/12.2603228

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Distributing entanglement over long distances is a core challenge of Quantum Communications. Quantum repeaters, hosting entanglement swapping protocols, have been proposed as a viable solution, though they have yet to be realized commercially. Basic research groups have demonstrated memory-assisted entanglement swapping using NV diamond centers or cold atomic vapor memories. Qunnect is building a product suite to support entanglement swapping based on warm atomic vapor. While the engineering of these systems is challenging, the elimination of extreme cooling and vacuum support provides numerous advantages for network scalability. I will discuss our progress to date and upcoming fiber testbed demonstrations.
A long-distance quantum network that could enable distributed quantum computing and unconditionally secure communication will require a quantum memory capable of supporting entanglement swapping over long distances. The memory qubit must preserve its entanglement to the communication qubit sent to a repeater for at least long enough to swap entanglement with an adjacent node. The most important figures-of-merit for a quantum memory are: fidelity, entanglement rate, and memory lifetime. Though many varieties of memories and repeaters are currently being researched (for a review see [1]) it remains an outstanding challenge to develop one that simultaneously meets all the necessary criteria to enable a practical long distance quantum network. We propose to use laser-cooled and trapped rubidium atoms, with Rydberg excitations, coupled to an optical cavity, to address these issues.
Quantum entanglement sources and memories are critical for quantum networking architecture. For high-rate networking, it is important that both technologies are compatible with each other and existing fiber infrastructure. We present our work on the development of a bichromatic photon source (one in the telecom band and one at near-IR) based on warm atomic vapors. We characterize the source, and show our progress towards interfacing it with atomic memories. This paves the way towards building a quantum repeater node based on room-temperature technologies. These narrow linewidth photons are natively well-suited for interfacing with many quantum communication, computation and sensing technologies.
Abstract: This chapter explores the engineering of quantum repeaters, a critical technology for enabling secure and scalable long-distance quantum communication. Quantum repeaters extend the range of quantum communication networks by preserving entanglement and mitigating signal loss over large distances. The chapter covers the key principles of entanglement swapping, quantum memory, and quantum error correction, which are essential for maintaining the integrity of quantum states. It also examines advanced repeater architectures, including multi-mode repeaters and entanglement purification techniques, to improve scalability and robustness. Case studies highlight real-world implementations of quantum repeaters in quantum key distribution (QKD) networks, demonstrating their role in achieving secure global communication. Keywords: quantum repeaters, long-distance quantum communication, entanglement swapping, quantum memory, quantum error correction, entanglement purification, multi-mode repeaters, quantum key distribution, QKD, scalable quantum networks, secure communication.
The quantum Internet will support paradigm shifts in cybersecurity, distributed quantum computing, and sensing. Its realization, however, has been held back by the lack of practical technologies to enable deployment and scalability. To date, most demonstrations have been limited to laboratories with expensive resources such as cryogenic and vacuum systems. The authors overcome this challenge by designing a field-deployable quantum memory, based on warm atomic vapor, that demonstrates high-fidelity performance and robustness to environmental noise. This represents a key technology for distributing quantum entanglement across large-scale quantum networks.