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Quantum key distribution based on orthogonal states.

Hao Shu

Published Jul 5, 2021• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Quantum key distribution(QKD) is one of the most significant areas in quantum information theory. For nearly four decades, substantial QKD protocols and cryptographic methods are developed. In early years, the security of protocols are depend on switching different bases, which, in fact, are based on non-orthogonal states. The most famous example is the BB84 protocol. Later, other techniques were developed for orthogonal states cryptography. Representations of such protocols including the GV protocol and order-rearrangement protocols. It might be harder to implement protocols based on orthogonal states since they require extra techniques to obtain security. In this paper, we give two QKD protocols based on orthogonal states. One of them needs not to employ order-rearrangement techniques while the other needs. We give analyses of their security and efficiency. Also, anti-noisy discussions would be given. Our protocols are highly efficient when considering consumptions of both qubits and classical bits while they are robust over several noisy channels. Moveover, the requirements of maximally entangled states maybe less than previous protocols and so the efficiency of measurements may be increased.

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Quantum key distribution(QKD) could be the most significant application of quantum information theory. In nearly four decades, although substantial QKD protocols are developed, the BB84 protocol and its variants are still the most researched ones. It is well-known that the secure bound of qubit error rate(QBER) of BB84 protocol is about 11$\%$ while it can be increased to 12.6$\%$ by six-state protocol. It would not be surprising that employing more basis could increase the bound. However, what is the optimal one? In this paper, investigations of asymptotically optimal QKD protocols are proposed. Precisely, We present an abstraction of prepare-measure QKD protocols and investigate two special cases which are optimal among all protocols coding by the same states. Our analyses demonstrate that the asymptotically optimal QBER bounds coding by orthogonal qubits are about 22.17$\%$ for both general and memoryless attacks while the bounds coding by non-orthogonal states in two mutually unbiased basis are about 25.30$\%$ for general attacks and 27.00$\%$ for memoryless attacks. The significant improvement indicates the huge space for previous protocols to improve their security while the optimality of our protocols demonstrates the ultimate potential of their security.

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Quantum key distribution(QKD) is one of the most significant areas in quantum information theory. For nearly four decades, substantial QKD protocols and cryptographic methods are developed. In early years, the security of protocols are depend on switching different bases, which, in fact, are based on non-orthogonal states. The most famous example is the BB84 protocol. Later, other techniques were developed for orthogonal states cryptography. Representations of such protocols including the GV protocol and order-rearrangement protocols. It might be harder to implement protocols based on orthogonal states since they require extra techniques to obtain security. In this paper, we give two QKD protocols based on orthogonal states. One of them needs not to employ order-rearrangement techniques while the other needs. We give analyses of their security and efficiency. Also, anti-noisy discussions would be given. Our protocols are highly efficient when considering consumptions of both qubits and classical bits while they are robust over several noisy channels. Moveover, the requirements of maximally entangled states maybe less than previous protocols and so the efficiency of measurements may be increased.
Quantum key distribution(QKD) could be the most significant application of quantum information theory. In nearly four decades, although substantial QKD protocols are developed, the BB84 protocol and its variants are still the most researched ones. It is well-known that the secure bound of qubit error rate(QBER) of BB84 protocol is about 11%\%% while it can be increased to 12.6%\%% by six-state protocol. It would not be surprising that employing more basis could increase the bound. However, what is the optimal one? In this paper, investigations of asymptotically optimal QKD protocols are proposed. Precisely, We present an abstraction of prepare-measure QKD protocols and investigate two special cases which are optimal among all protocols coding by the same states. Our analyses demonstrate that the asymptotically optimal QBER bounds coding by orthogonal qubits are about 22.17%\%% for both general and memoryless attacks while the bounds coding by non-orthogonal states in two mutually unbiased basis are about 25.30%\%% for general attacks and 27.00%\%% for memoryless attacks. The significant improvement indicates the huge space for previous protocols to improve their security while the optimality of our protocols demonstrates the ultimate potential of their security.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) which is the name of cryptography in quantum environment act as the highest developed area in quantum communication and computing technology (QCIT). \n \nQKD is inventive technology which utilize the laws of quantum to create a cryptographic share key to make the communication system secure. The unique feature of QKD assures eavesdropping detectable during quantum communications which is fascinating for a high-level secure environment.Most of the traditional cryptographic methods which we use currently are based on mathematical scheme or Computational complexity theory which are not completely safe. Using quantum cryptography has been achieved extensive steps in communication security establishment. As the information Unit has been changed from “bit” to Quantum bit (Qubit), a new element has been offered that can guarantee the shared information confidentiality between parties. The confidentiality of system is established via exchanging a secret key through a channel of quantum, the key which we use for encrypting the shared data. This structure has quantum integration which has been developed by physics law and techniques of cryptography. \n \nThis thesis has proposed a modified version of QKD protocol, this new protocol will generate a cryptographic share key for a more efficient, lower cost and secure communication between two parties (sender and Receiver). This new protocol principal is similar to BBM92, but the source of photon moved to sender instead of third-party photon generator, following steps will be executed in this Experiment: \n \n•\tObserve different categories protocols of QKD in details \n•\tThe Quantum Mechanics Visualisation Project (QuVis) is the simulation software that has been used for implementing the proposed protocol [BB84 with spin] among the other three (BBM92, B92 and BB84). \n•\tProbability ratio of error will be tested and compared for all protocols, for this experiment 100 to 5000 photons will be sent. \n \nBy Analysing collected data in this experiment, it will be determined which one of this four protocols lead the detecting of eavesdropping. Simulation software accomplishes the value of error key probability which receiver can use and should not pass over the range limit of 0.25 & 0.5.
Cryptography is an unexpected revolution in information security in the recent decades, where remarkable improvements have been created to provide confidentiality and integrity. Quantum cryptography is one such improvement that has grown rapidly since the first announced protocol. Quantum cryptography contains substantial elements that must be addressed to ensure secure communication between legitimate parties. Quantum key distribution (QKD), a technique for creating a secret key, is one of the most interesting areas in quantum cryptography. This paper reviews some well-known quantum key distribution techniques that have been demonstrated in the past three decades. Furthermore, this paper discusses the process of creating a secret key using quantum mechanics and cryptography methods. Moreover, it explains the relationships between many basic aspects of QKD protocols and suggests some improvements in the cryptosystem. An accurate quantitative comparison between the QKD protocols is presented, especially the runtime execution for each QKD protocol. In addition, the paper will demonstrate a general model of each considered QKD protocol based on security principles.
Irrespective of the duration for which the classical system based on bits remains secure, the imminent advent of quantum systems demands a robust cryptographic mechanism to safeguard both manifest data and the existing system’s structure and infrastructure against various threats. Quantum mechanics may provide a solution in the form of quantum key distribution (QKD), a set of processes designed to generate and exchange cryptographic keys between two parties. Each unique method and algorithm within QKD can be characterized as a protocol. In 1984, Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard introduced the first QKD protocol, BB84. Subsequent QKD protocols have been developed based on different principles, including Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, polarization, entanglement, and the non-cloning theory. Other scientists have enhanced some QKD protocols, leading to variations with different names. However, not all these protocols can be implemented in classical systems, as they specifically require a quantum system. The current challenge revolves around the complex and pressing need to develop a QKD protocol that can function effectively on classical systems, quantum systems, or both. In the chapter, QKD protocols are comprehensively examined, with each protocol being meticulously reviewed through technical steps elucidating how the protocol facilitates the exchange of secret keys. Each QKD protocol is dissected to unveil its underlying mechanisms, providing a detailed exploration of the cryptographic procedures involved in generating and exchanging secure cryptographic keys.
Abstract: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic technique that allows two parties to establish a secure communication channel by using the laws of quantum mechanics. The BB84 protocol is one of the earliest and most widely used QKD protocols that uses the properties of quantum entanglement and superposition to securely exchange cryptographic keys[3] . In this paper, we provide a detailed overview of the BB84 protocol and its implementation. We also discuss the security aspects of the protocol and its vulnerabilities. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the future prospects and challenges in the field of quantum cryptography
Cryptography is being introduced to secure data. Through Classical Cryptographic technique, we can encrypt our data and secure secret key also. But classical cryptography is based on mathematical techniques where reversing one-way function is possible with sufficient computing power and time. So, Quantum Cryptography is introduced to overcome those drawbacks of traditional classical cryptography. It is based on the values of quantum mechanics and photon. Scientists and researchers have brought up a new key distribution protocol based on Quantum Cryptography is called Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Protocol. The first QKD protocol BB84 was introduced by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. After that several QKD protocols have been created. In this paper we have improved BB84 Protocol by removing the drawbacks of the existing algorithm towards Eavesdropping which may not be detected or disclosing large portion of secret key. Steps of the existing BB84 algorithm along with the modified one is described in detail with example and pseudo code. Limitations of BB84 and comparative study of both the existing and the improved one based on their security has been made and described in this current work.