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Journal of Physics Conference Series

The Comparison of Secure Key Rate of BB84 Protocol Using Single Photon Detectors and Optical Homodyne Detectors

Peiyao Xiong

Published Jun 1, 2021• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract To increase the security and efficiency of information transmission, the technology of Quantum Key Distribution is developed. A simulation of secure key rate of BB84 protocol is done to give a visualized comparison of efficiency of the protocol using different light sources and detectors. The simulation shows that the Poisson light source is less efficient than single photon source and the secure key rate of using continuous variable detectors is lower than using discrete variable detectors.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/1936/1/012021

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Abstract To increase the security and efficiency of information transmission, the technology of Quantum Key Distribution is developed. A simulation of secure key rate of BB84 protocol is done to give a visualized comparison of efficiency of the protocol using different light sources and detectors. The simulation shows that the Poisson light source is less efficient than single photon source and the secure key rate of using continuous variable detectors is lower than using discrete variable detectors.
The quantum key distribution is a promising application of quantum information that provides quantum information security for daily communication. This article studies the discrete variable quantum key distribution (DVQKD), including the BB84 protocol work and the performance comparison for both ideal and practical Poisson source. The formulas used to analysis process are derived in detail. In addition, quantum information is also introduced with the principle of quantum superposition and entanglement explained in detail. This is followed by a short introduction of the quantum information and its application in real world. We also explained the principles of quantum cryptography and also the practical implementation of quantum key distribution. The detailed procedures of the famous BB84 protocol and its set-up are also explored. In the project, I used the Matlab to calculate the BB84 key rate and evaluate the performance.
The quantum cryptography has been concerned in worldwide after invention.Since it is the only way that can be proved to ensure the secure communication.The rapid development of quantum information technology makes quantum key distribution goes into the practical application from the theoretical research.For studying how the devices in practical quantum key distribution system based on the BB84 protocol effect the key distribution efficiency and improve the key distribution rate,a theoretic model relative to the system was represented,researched the parameter effects the key distribution efficiency.It was shown by the simulation that average photon number in the photon source and the length of optical fiber are the key parameters that affect the system rate.The work is useful for further improving the system efficiency.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a potential defense against future quantum attacks that can break traditional encryption algorithms, such as RSA and ECC. The current work is based on the development of the BB84 protocol with the features of utilizing quantum mechanics and eavesdropping detection through signal disturbance. A simulation of the BB84 protocol was built using polarization encoding over a 10 km single-mode optical fiber using OptiSystem software. The system consists of standard telecom equipment, such as a continuous wave laser at a frequency of 193.1 THz, polarization controllers, and single-photon detectors. Both secure and insecure cases were simulated, where an attacker (Eve) had used an intercept-resend attack. The outcome showed significant Bit Error Rate (BER) and Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) increases during attacks, thus proving the protocol's vulnerability to interference. In addition, a special intrusion detection system based on BER was used to identify such anomalies in real-time. The simulation illustrates the feasibility of using QKD in today's optical networks to secure communications.
In this work, we simulate a fiber-based Quantum Key Distribution Protocol (QKDP) BB84 working at the telecoms wavelength 1550 nm with taking into consideration an optimized attack strategy. We consider in our work a quantum channel composed by probabilistic Single Photon Source (SPS), single mode optical Fiber and quantum detector with high efficiency. We show the advantages of using the Quantum Dots (QD) embedded in micro-cavity compared to the Heralded Single Photon Sources (HSPS). Second, we show that Eve is always getting some information depending on the mean photon number per pulse of the used SPS and therefore, we propose an optimized version of the QKDP BB84 based on Quantum Dense Coding (QDC) that could be implemented by quantum CNOT gates. We evaluate the success probability of implementing the optimized QKDP BB84 when using nowadays probabilistic quantum optical devices for circuit realization. We use for our modeling an abstract probabilistic model of a CNOT gate based on linear optical components and having a success probability of sqrt (4/27), we take into consideration the best SPSs realizations, namely the QD and the HSPS, generating a single photon per pulse with a success probability of 0.73 and 0.37, respectively. We show that the protocol is totally secure against attacks but could be correctly implemented only with a success probability of few percent.
In recent years tremendous research progress was made in the field of quantum key distribution (QKD). By now a variety of protocols exists for which security has been proven even for realistic imperfect devices. The proofs based on the idea of Shor and Preskill, provide us with a lower bound on the secure key generation rate. The security of BB84 relies on the fact, that well defined single-mode photonic states are prepared by the sender and used as information carriers. However, potential sources for QKD implementations like parametric down conversion (PDC) sources emit states with a multi-mode spectral distribution. These states have to be described in a higher-dimensional Hilbert space. We investigate to what extent these spectral properties affect the security considerations. We further present a comparison of the theoretical bounds on the secure key rates for different protocols and the dependence on various experimental imperfections, e.g., dark-counts, detector efficiency, channel attenuation etc. Only single-photon signals contribute to the secure key, but unfortunately such sources don't exist at present. Hence we consider different photon statistics in our simulations.
Abstract The single-photon detectionefficiency of the detector unit is crucial for the security of common quantum key distribution protocols like Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84). A low value for the efficiency indicates a possible eavesdropping attack that exploits the photon receiver’s imperfections. We present a method for estimating the detection efficiency, and calculate the corresponding secure key generation rate. The estimation is done by testing gated detectors using a randomly activated photon source inside the receiver unit. This estimate gives a secure rate for any detector with non-unity single-photon detection efficiency, both inherit or due to blinding. By adding extra optical components to the receiver, we make sure that the key is extracted from photon states for which our estimate is valid. The result is a quantum key distribution scheme that is secure against any attack that exploits detector imperfections.