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The American Journal of Applied Sciences

The Role Of Quantum Electronics In Alternative Energy

Dilafruz Ahmadovna Mukhammadova

Published Jan 30, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The article deals with Quantum electronics, as a field of physics that studies methods of amplification and generation of electromagnetic radiation based on the phenomenon of stimulated radiation in nonequilibrium quantum systems, as well as the properties of amplifiers and generators obtained in this way and their application, a description of the structure of the most important lasers is given, physical foundations of quantum electronics, which are reduced primarily to the application of Einstein's theory of radiation to thermodynamically nonequilibrium systems with discrete energy levels. The article is intended for undergraduates of the Department of Physics, Radio Engineering, who have interests in the field of research and applications of laser radiation, and is aimed at giving them the minimum necessary for that initial information on quantum electronics.

DOI
10.37547/tajas/volume03issue01-12

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The article deals with Quantum electronics, as a field of physics that studies methods of amplification and generation of electromagnetic radiation based on the phenomenon of stimulated radiation in nonequilibrium quantum systems, as well as the properties of amplifiers and generators obtained in this way and their application, a description of the structure of the most important lasers is given, physical foundations of quantum electronics, which are reduced primarily to the application of Einstein's theory of radiation to thermodynamically nonequilibrium systems with discrete energy levels. The article is intended for undergraduates of the Department of Physics, Radio Engineering, who have interests in the field of research and applications of laser radiation, and is aimed at giving them the minimum necessary for that initial information on quantum electronics.
The emerging field of quantum sensors and electronics for fundamental physics is introduced, emphasising the role of thin-film superconducting devices. Although the next generation of ground-based and space-based experiments requires the development of advanced technology across the whole of the electromagnetic spectrum, this article focuses on ultra-low-noise techniques for radio to far-infrared wavelengths, where existing devices fall short of theoretical limits. Passive circuits, detectors and amplifiers are described from classical and quantum perspectives, and the sensitivities of detector-based and amplifier-based instruments discussed. Advances will be achieved through refinements in existing technology, but innovation is essential. The needed developments go beyond engineering and relate to theoretical studies that bring together concepts from quantum information theory, quantum field theory, classical circuit theory and device physics. This article has been written to introduce graduate-level scientists to quantum sensor physics, rather than as a formal review.
All optical oscillators and amplifiers can be analyzed as an electromagnetic structure, such as a cavity or a transmission line, which contains an amplifying medium. The operating characteristics of lasers are governed by both the electromagnetic properties of the structures and the properties of the amplifying medium. Stimulated emission and absorption of radiation from energy states are the physical basis of amplification in all laser materials. In order to study lasers, it is necessary to understand the energy levels of the amplifying medium and the stimulated transitions involving them. Quantum mechanical analysis of the energy states and the stimulated emission and absorption is presented in most books on lasers. However, quantum mechanical analyses cover only the analysis of individual atoms. We need to relate the effects of the quantum mechanical interactions to the macroscopic properties of the materials so that properties of the lasers may be analyzed. Therefore, the macroscopic susceptibility of materials related to stimulated emission and absorption is the focus of discussion in this chapter. It is not the purpose of this book to teach quantum mechanics. There are already many excellent books on this topic. The readers are assumed to have a fundamental knowledge of quantum mechanics. However, it is necessary first to review some of the major steps in order to understand precisely the notation used and the meaning of the results. This is presented in Section 5.1.
The necessity of development of the physical signal theory (ST) as component of laser theory is justified, and its principles are stated. These principles include quantum description of signals in the form of electromagnetic (EM) field and their classical representation. The submitted researches are based on Planck hypothesis about discrete levels of energy of EM radiation, Einstein hypothesis about light quantum and Bohr rule of frequencies only, and in so doing Heisenberg indeterminateness principle is taken into account.
Lasers are a relatively recent invention. Microwave lasers were in existence in the 1950s and the first visible-light laser appeared in 1960. In the early 1960s some people were of the opinion that lasers were just an interesting curiosity but with no significant use. Nowadays we find lasers in all sorts of everyday situations: CD players, rock concert light shows, bar code scanners, etc. They are also extensively used in technological applications such as eye surgery and welding: modem car plants use robot-controlled lasers to weld sheets of metal together (Figure 3.1) and they are used in experiments at the forefront of research in spectroscopy (Figure 3.2). Lasers have found these many applications because of their particular properties, which are useful in a variety of situations. A laser beam is intense, monochromatic (has a very small range of wavelengths), narrow and well directed. How do these features arise? Laser light originates in the transitions made by electrons in atoms from one energy level to a lower one. Its properties depend on many atoms being stimulated to make the same transition at the same time. So, laser operation depends crucially on the electronic structure of atoms as well as their interaction with electromagnetic radiation. In this chapter, we hope to show you how quantum mechanics can help us to understand atomic structure.
The subject of this book is based on the compulsory course "Quantum Optics and Lasers" of the Department of "Solid State Physics" of the Faculty of Physics of the Natural Sciences School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. 1. Introduction to the quantum nature of light. 2. Mechanisms of interaction of electromagnetic (EM) radiation and matter (two-level system). 3. Semiclassical approach of the interaction of EM radiation and matter. EM field: classically. Two-level system e.g. atom: quantum mechanically. 4. Quantum mechanical approach of the interaction of EM radiation and matter. EM field quantization. 5. Lasers. 6. Density matrix. 7. Some other issues for the properties and the operation of Lasers.
A clear introduction to quantum mechanics concepts Quantum mechanics has become an essential tool for modern engineering, particularly due to the recent developments in quantum computing as well as the rapid progress in optoelectronic devices. Engineering Quantum Mechanics explains the fundamentals of this exciting field, providing broad coverage of both traditional areas such as semiconductor and laser physics as well as relatively new yet fast-growing areas such as quantum computation and quantum information technology. The book begins with basic quantum mechanics, reviewing measurements and probability, Dirac formulation, the uncertainty principle, harmonic oscillator, angular momentum eigenstates, and perturbation theory. Then, quantum statistical mechanics is explored, from second quantization and density operators to coherent and squeezed states, coherent interactions between atoms and fields, and the Jaynes-Cummings model. From there, the book moves into elementary and modern applications, discussing such topics as Bloch theorem and effective mass theory, crystal orientation effects for zinc-blend and wurtzite Hamiltonian, and quantum entanglements and teleportation. There has been growing interest in the model of semiconductor lasers with non-Markovian relaxation. This book develops a non-Markovian model for the optical gain in semiconductor materials, taking into account the rigorous electronic band-structure and the non-Markovian relaxation using the quantum statistical reduced-density operator formalism. Many-body effects are taken into account within the time-dependent Hartree-Fock equations, and example programs based on Fortran 77 are provided for band-structures of zinc-blend quantum wells. Engineering Quantum Mechanics is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, physics, and materials science. It also provides the necessary theoretical background for researchers in optoelectronics or semiconductor devices.