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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Improving the Quantum Efficiency of Josephson Traveling Wave Parametric Amplifiers

Kaidong Peng, Mahdi Naghiloo, Jennifer Wang, Yufeng Ye, Kevin M. O'Brien

Published Mar 19, 2021• 0 citations
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Advancing error-corrected quantum computing and fundamental science necessitates quantum-limited amplifiers with near-ideal quantum efficiency and multiplexing capability. However, existing solutions achieve one at the expense of the other; for example, Josephson traveling wave parametric amplifiers (JTWPAs) are highgain, broadband, and chip-based quantum amplifiers that conventionally incur a bandwidth-noise tradeoff. When operated at 20-dB gain and instantaneous bandwidths of a few GHz, JTWPAs typically reach near-quantum limited intrinsic efficiencies of 70% - 85% relative to that of an ideal phase-preserving quantum amplifier. This is due to information leakage to the sidebands of the JTWPA, which can be recovered by adiabatically transforming the input modes to Floquet modes of the system within the device. In this thesis, we experimentally demonstrate the first Floquet-mode travelingwave parametric amplifier (Floquet TWPA). Fabricated in a superconducting qubit process, this Floquet TWPA achieves minimal dissipation, quantum-limited noise performance, and broadband operation. Our device exhibits > 20-dB amplification over a 3-GHz instantaneous bandwidth, <0.5 -dB average in-band insertion loss, and the highest-reported intrinsic quantum efficiency for a TWPA of 92.1±7.6%, relative to an ideal phase-preserving amplifier. When measuring a superconducting qubit, our Floquet TWPA enables a system measurement efficiency of 65.1 ± 5.8%, the highest-reported in a superconducting qubit readout experiment utilizing phase-preserving amplifiers to the best of our knowledge. Finally, we discuss the noise limitations of our current experimental setup, as well as impedance matching strategies that will enable us to push towards ideal JTWPA performance. These general-purpose Floquet TWPAs are suitable for fast, high-fidelity multiplexed readout in large-scale quantum systems and future monolithic integration with quantum processors.

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In order to build a large-scale quantum computer, one of the requirements is high-fidelity multiplexed qubit readout, which in turn relies on the use of ultralow-noise amplifiers. While Josephson Parametric Amplifiers (JPAs), using a cavity with few Josephson junctions, have shown promising results for single qubit readout, they have limitations such as low saturation power and a gain-bandwidth product restriction. This makes them less suited for frequency multiplexed qubit readout. A current-pumped Josephson Travelling-Wave Parametric Amplifier (JTWPA), using 4-wave mixing in a lumped-element transmission line, features both high saturation power as well as no restriction on large bandwidth and high gain. This is possible due to multiple junctions and the lack of a cavity. However, also this current pumped JTWPA has an inherent problem, namely phase mismatch between the pump and the signal. This prevents exponential gain. In this thesis, a current pumped JTWPA using the resonant phase matching (RPM) technique to reduce the phase mismatch problem is studied and characterised. The JTWPA shows high gain, high saturation power and a large signal-to-noise ratio improvement. The JTWPA is also used for qubit readout, for which it clearly improves the readout fidelity.

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Advancing error-corrected quantum computing and fundamental science necessitates quantum-limited amplifiers with near-ideal quantum efficiency and multiplexing capability. However, existing solutions achieve one at the expense of the other; for example, Josephson traveling wave parametric amplifiers (JTWPAs) are highgain, broadband, and chip-based quantum amplifiers that conventionally incur a bandwidth-noise tradeoff. When operated at 20-dB gain and instantaneous bandwidths of a few GHz, JTWPAs typically reach near-quantum limited intrinsic efficiencies of 70% - 85% relative to that of an ideal phase-preserving quantum amplifier. This is due to information leakage to the sidebands of the JTWPA, which can be recovered by adiabatically transforming the input modes to Floquet modes of the system within the device. In this thesis, we experimentally demonstrate the first Floquet-mode travelingwave parametric amplifier (Floquet TWPA). Fabricated in a superconducting qubit process, this Floquet TWPA achieves minimal dissipation, quantum-limited noise performance, and broadband operation. Our device exhibits > 20-dB amplification over a 3-GHz instantaneous bandwidth, <0.5 -dB average in-band insertion loss, and the highest-reported intrinsic quantum efficiency for a TWPA of 92.1±7.6%, relative to an ideal phase-preserving amplifier. When measuring a superconducting qubit, our Floquet TWPA enables a system measurement efficiency of 65.1 ± 5.8%, the highest-reported in a superconducting qubit readout experiment utilizing phase-preserving amplifiers to the best of our knowledge. Finally, we discuss the noise limitations of our current experimental setup, as well as impedance matching strategies that will enable us to push towards ideal JTWPA performance. These general-purpose Floquet TWPAs are suitable for fast, high-fidelity multiplexed readout in large-scale quantum systems and future monolithic integration with quantum processors.
This paper examines the use of a quantum electronics Josephson Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifier (JTWPA). The JTWPA presents distinctive features for amplifying quantum signals through the nonlinear Josephson junction, influenced by quantum effects at microwave energy scales. The study focuses on characterizing this quantum effects-based parametric amplification, offering perspectives in communication and information processing technologies. The results, obtained with the Advanced Design System (ADS) pathWave tool suggest promising applications of JTWPA, paving the way for significant advances in quantum electronics. Notably, the findings indicate that at a fixed frequency of 4 GHz and a constant pump current of 1.85 µA, the transmission efficiency of JTWPA decreases by 32% when exporting the design as layouts using the High-Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS). Consequently, optimization with ADS emerges as a crucial step to assess transmission and information processing before the physical implementation of the JTWPA design.
In order to build a large-scale quantum computer, one of the requirements is high-fidelity multiplexed qubit readout, which in turn relies on the use of ultralow-noise amplifiers. While Josephson Parametric Amplifiers (JPAs), using a cavity with few Josephson junctions, have shown promising results for single qubit readout, they have limitations such as low saturation power and a gain-bandwidth product restriction. This makes them less suited for frequency multiplexed qubit readout. A current-pumped Josephson Travelling-Wave Parametric Amplifier (JTWPA), using 4-wave mixing in a lumped-element transmission line, features both high saturation power as well as no restriction on large bandwidth and high gain. This is possible due to multiple junctions and the lack of a cavity. However, also this current pumped JTWPA has an inherent problem, namely phase mismatch between the pump and the signal. This prevents exponential gain. In this thesis, a current pumped JTWPA using the resonant phase matching (RPM) technique to reduce the phase mismatch problem is studied and characterised. The JTWPA shows high gain, high saturation power and a large signal-to-noise ratio improvement. The JTWPA is also used for qubit readout, for which it clearly improves the readout fidelity.