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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Extending the quantum coherence of a qubit via engineering the noise spectrum of its environment

Maxime Joos, Dolev Bluvstein, Yuanqi Lyu, David Weld, Ania C. Bleszynski Jayich

Published Mar 17, 2021• 0 citations
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Characterizing and understanding the environment affecting quantum systems is critical to elucidate its physical properties and engineer better quantum devices. We develop an approach to reduce the quantum environment causing single-qubit dephasing to a simple yet predictive noise model. Our approach, inspired by quantum noise spectroscopy, is to define a ``self-consistent'' classical noise spectrum, that is, compatible with all observed decoherence under various qubit dynamics. We demonstrate the power and limits of our approach by characterizing, with nanoscale spatial resolution, the noise experienced by two electronic spins in diamond that, despite their proximity, surprisingly reveal the presence of a complex quantum spin environment, both classically reducible and not. Our results overcome the limitations of existing noise spectroscopy methods and highlight the importance of finding predictive models to accurately characterize the underlying environment. Extending our work to multiqubit systems would enable spatially resolved quantum sensing of complex environments and quantum device characterization, notably to identify correlated noise between qubits, which is crucial for practical realization of quantum error correction.

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Abstract We introduce a paradigm of spectral engineering for environmental noise aimed at actively protecting quantum coherence in solid-state qubits. Through the analytical study of the decoherence process induced by cavity leakage in a double-quantum-dot–cavity system, we demonstrate high-frequency charge noise can effectively freeze the quantum state and protect quantum coherence. Then, departing from conventional noise-suppression strategies, we propose to synthesize tailored noise spectra by linearly mixing multiple Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) stochastic processes. The composite noise is designed to possess a power spectral density enriched in high-frequency components which is required for coherence protection. Our method provides a general framework for approximating arbitrary noise profiles, including the ubiquitous 1 / f spectrum prevalent in semiconductor devices, using only a finite set of simple noises. Numerical simulations confirm that a noise field synthesized from a sufficiently large number of OU processes preserves coherence significantly better than one constructed from just a few components. This work establishes noise engineering as a practical tool for coherence management and offers a versatile model for simulating complex noise environments in quantum information platforms.
We address the dynamics of entanglement and quantum discord for two noninteracting qubits initially prepared in a maximally entangled state and then subjected to a classical colored noise, i.e., coupled with an external environment characterized by a noise spectrum of the form $1/{f}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. More specifically, we address systems in which the Gaussian approximation fails, i.e., mere knowledge of the spectrum is not enough to determine the dynamics of quantum correlations. We thus investigate the dynamics for two different configurations of the environment: in the first case, the noise spectrum is due to the interaction of each qubit with a single bistable fluctuator with an undetermined switching rate, whereas in the second case we consider a collection of classical fluctuators with fixed switching rates. In both cases, we found analytical expressions for the time dependence of entanglement and quantum discord, which may also be extended to a collection of fluctuators with random switching rates. The environmental noise is introduced by means of stochastic time-dependent terms in the Hamiltonian, and this allows us to describe the effects of both separate and common environments. We show that the non-Gaussian character of the noise may lead to significant effects, e.g., environments with the same power spectrum, but different configurations give rise to the opposite behavior for quantum correlations. In particular, depending on the characteristics of the environmental noise considered, both entanglement and discord display either a monotonic decay or the phenomena of sudden death and revivals. Our results show that the microscopic structure of the environment, in addition to its noise spectrum, is relevant for the dynamics of quantum correlations and may be a valid starting point for the engineering of non-Gaussian colored environments.
Characterizing and understanding the environment affecting quantum systems is critical to elucidate its physical properties and engineer better quantum devices. We develop an approach to reduce the quantum environment causing single-qubit dephasing to a simple yet predictive noise model. Our approach, inspired by quantum noise spectroscopy, is to define a ``self-consistent'' classical noise spectrum, that is, compatible with all observed decoherence under various qubit dynamics. We demonstrate the power and limits of our approach by characterizing, with nanoscale spatial resolution, the noise experienced by two electronic spins in diamond that, despite their proximity, surprisingly reveal the presence of a complex quantum spin environment, both classically reducible and not. Our results overcome the limitations of existing noise spectroscopy methods and highlight the importance of finding predictive models to accurately characterize the underlying environment. Extending our work to multiqubit systems would enable spatially resolved quantum sensing of complex environments and quantum device characterization, notably to identify correlated noise between qubits, which is crucial for practical realization of quantum error correction.