Any quantum theory of gravity faces the measurement problem. Carlo Rovelli sees his relational interpretation as offering a solution to this problem when applied to his favored loop quantum gravity (LQG). I examine the prospects of Rovelli’s relationalism in LQG. In LQG it is not clear what physical systems there are at a fundamental level with no spacetime. But implementing Rovelli’s relational interpretation in the context of LQG requires an account of interaction and a model of observer systems whose relational states represent determinate outcomes. Even if no such account is forthcoming at a fundamental level in LQG, it might still be available in a limit at which spacetime has emerged. But to use this account effectively to address the measurement problem, it would be necessary to reconcile the observer-relativity of measurement outcomes with a basic norm of scientific objectivity.
Abstract Any quantum theory of gravity faces the measurement problem. Carlo Rovelli sees his relational interpretation as offering a solution to this problem when applied to his favored loop quantum gravity (LQG). This essay examines the prospects of Rovelli’s relationalism in LQG. In loop quantum gravity, it is not clear what physical systems there are at a fundamental level with no spacetime. But implementing Rovelli’s relational interpretation in the context of LQG requires an account of interaction and a model of observer systems whose relational states represent determinate outcomes. Even if no such account is forthcoming at a fundamental level in LQG, it might still be available in a limit at which spacetime has emerged. But to use this account effectively to address the measurement problem it would be necessary to reconcile the observer-relativity of measurement outcomes with a basic norm of scientific objectivity.
Topological order is a new type order that beyond Landau's symmetry breaking theory. It has some interesting properties, such as producing quasi-particles with fractional quantum numbers and fractional/Fermi statistics, robust gapless boundary modes and emergent gauge excitations. In this essay, we will show that the quantum gravity in
AdS3 spacetime can also have topological orders. Actually the theory has all the three features that define the topological order. We conjecture that quantum gravity in four dimension can also have topological orders.