Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEICE Transactions on Communications

Quantum-Noise-Limited BPSK Transmission Using Gain-Saturated Phase-Sensitive Amplifiers

Kyo Inoue

Published Apr 13, 2021• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum noise ultimately restricts the transmission distance in fiber communication systems using optical amplifiers. This paper investigates the quantum-noise-limited performance of optical binary phase-shift keying transmission using gain-saturated phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) as optical repeaters. It is shown that coherent state transmission, where ultimately clean light in the classical sense is transmitted, and endless transmission, where the transmission distance is not restricted, are theoretically achievable under certain system conditions owing to the noise suppression effects of the gain-saturated PSA.

DOI
10.1587/transcom.2020ebp3173

Related papers

Quantum-noise-limited performance of BPSK transmission with EDFAs, PSAs, or Raman amplifiers

Kyo Inoue

The performance of optical transmissions is intrinsically and ultimately determined by quantum noise. This study theoretically investigates the quantum-noise-limited performance of BPSK transmission using EDFAs, PSAs, or Raman amplifiers as optical repeaters. Amplifier noise, quantum noise in a coherent state, and vacuum noise accompanied with attenuation are considered. Calculations based on the theoretical analysis qualitatively show that bidirectionally pumped Raman amplification systems achieve considerably long transmission distances.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR)•Jan 1, 2022•0 citations

Quantum-noise-limited performance of BPSK transmission with EDFAs, PSAs, or Raman amplifiers

Kyo Inoue

The performance of optical transmissions is intrinsically and ultimately determined by quantum noise. This study theoretically investigates the quantum-noise-limited performance of BPSK transmission using EDFAs, PSAs, or Raman amplifiers as optical repeaters. Amplifier noise, quantum noise in a coherent state, and vacuum noise accompanied with attenuation are considered. Calculations based on the theoretical analysis qualitatively show that bidirectionally pumped Raman amplification systems achieve considerably long transmission distances.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR)•Jul 31, 2022•0 citations

Quantum-noise-limited distance of coherent transmission using fiber Raman amplifiers

Kyo Inoue

Quantum noise intrinsically restricts the ultimate transmission distance in fiber communication systems that use optical repeating amplifiers. This study theoretically investigates the quantum-noise-limited distance of optical coherent transmission using fiber Raman amplifiers. An analytical formula for the upper bound of the transmission distance is derived based on full quantum mechanics, considering the amplification noise and intrinsic fluctuation of a coherent state (or vacuum noise), and calculations are performed using the derived formula. The results quantitatively indicate that the Raman amplified systems potentially achieve considerably longer transmission distances, more than ten times, than a system with erbium-doped fiber amplifiers under ideal conditions.

Optics Continuum•Apr 20, 2023•1 citation

Optical amplifiers, phase-shift keying, and signal-to-noise ratio

Jeffrey H. Shapiro, N. C. Wong

Recently, there has been some controversy concerning the role of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations in conjunction with optical amplifiers and phase-shift keying. Analysis has shown that the large-signal SNR at the output of an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) or optical parametric oscillator (OPO) can exceed the shot-noise limit when an injected signal beam is used to elicit small-signal gain saturation. Although no small-signal SNR gain is obtained in this way, the large-signal SNR improvement does translate into a communication performance improvement if binary phase-shift keying is applied to the resulting output beam. Analysis has also shown that the large-signal, shot-noise limited SNR can be exceeded when a binary phase-shift keyed coherent-state beam is applied to a preamplify-feedforward-homodyne receiver. In this case, however, there is no communication performance improvement. Indeed, the preamplify-feed-forward-homodyne receiver requires twice as many signal photons, on average, to equal the error probability of ordinary homodyne detection. In this talk we will show that there is no contradiction between these two examples.

Annual Meeting Optical Society of America•Jan 1, 1992•0 citations

Optical QPSK Signal Quality Degradation due to Phase Error of Pump Light in Optical Parametric Phase-Sensitive Amplifier Repeaters

Takeshi Kimura, Yasuhiro Okamura, Atsushi Takada

The influence of pump phase error on phase-sensitive optical amplifier (PSA) repeaters and the waveform degradation due to chromatic dispersion and fiber nonlinearities in the optical multi-relay transmission of quadrature phase-shift keying phase-conjugated twin waves are considered theoretically. First, the influence of noise from the pump phase error, optical local oscillator, receiver, and the amplified spontaneous-emission (ASE) in PSA repeaters is investigated with the assumption that transmission fibers are linear lossy channels. The bit-error rate (BER) is estimated as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio, and the relationship between the number of transmission relays and the fiber launch power is clarified. Waveform degradation due to chromatic dispersion and the optical fiber nonlinearities in transmission fibers are investigated with the noiseless condition, and the maximum repeatable number as a function of the fiber launch power is calculated. Finally, we show the relationship among the maximum repeatable number, standard deviation of pump phase error in PSA repeaters, and the fiber launch power to clarify the optimum transmission condition with consideration of the noise and the waveform degradation.

IEICE Transactions on Communications•Oct 9, 2018•2 citations

Ultralow Noise, Broadband Phase-Sensitive Optical Amplifiers, and Their Applications

Zhi Tong, Carl Lundström, Peter A. Andrekson +2 more

Frequency nondegenerate phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) have the potential to realize broadband and noiseless amplification. However, the rigorous requirement of phase- and wavelength-locking of the input waves has significantly hampered their progress. In this paper, we review recent research on this type of optical amplifier. This work is based on a copier-PSA scheme, which consists of a parametric phase-insensitive copier followed by one or more PSAs. Broadband gain and noise performance of a fiber-based nondegenerate PSA has been characterized, both theoretically and experimentally. A record-low 1.1 dB noise figure was measured at >;26 dB gain, and a clear phase dependent gain was observed. Moreover, potential applications including phase noise squeezing and ultralow noise, multichannel and modulation-format-transparent linear amplification with up to 6 dB link noise figure advantage over conventional EDFA-amplified links have been experimentally demonstrated. The prospects and practical challenges of this intriguing amplification technology are also discussed.

IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics•Dec 7, 2011•122 citations
Quantum noise ultimately restricts the transmission distance in fiber communication systems using optical amplifiers. This paper investigates the quantum-noise-limited performance of optical binary phase-shift keying transmission using gain-saturated phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) as optical repeaters. It is shown that coherent state transmission, where ultimately clean light in the classical sense is transmitted, and endless transmission, where the transmission distance is not restricted, are theoretically achievable under certain system conditions owing to the noise suppression effects of the gain-saturated PSA.
The performance of optical transmissions is intrinsically and ultimately determined by quantum noise. This study theoretically investigates the quantum-noise-limited performance of BPSK transmission using EDFAs, PSAs, or Raman amplifiers as optical repeaters. Amplifier noise, quantum noise in a coherent state, and vacuum noise accompanied with attenuation are considered. Calculations based on the theoretical analysis qualitatively show that bidirectionally pumped Raman amplification systems achieve considerably long transmission distances.
The performance of optical transmissions is intrinsically and ultimately determined by quantum noise. This study theoretically investigates the quantum-noise-limited performance of BPSK transmission using EDFAs, PSAs, or Raman amplifiers as optical repeaters. Amplifier noise, quantum noise in a coherent state, and vacuum noise accompanied with attenuation are considered. Calculations based on the theoretical analysis qualitatively show that bidirectionally pumped Raman amplification systems achieve considerably long transmission distances.
Quantum noise intrinsically restricts the ultimate transmission distance in fiber communication systems that use optical repeating amplifiers. This study theoretically investigates the quantum-noise-limited distance of optical coherent transmission using fiber Raman amplifiers. An analytical formula for the upper bound of the transmission distance is derived based on full quantum mechanics, considering the amplification noise and intrinsic fluctuation of a coherent state (or vacuum noise), and calculations are performed using the derived formula. The results quantitatively indicate that the Raman amplified systems potentially achieve considerably longer transmission distances, more than ten times, than a system with erbium-doped fiber amplifiers under ideal conditions.
Recently, there has been some controversy concerning the role of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations in conjunction with optical amplifiers and phase-shift keying. Analysis has shown that the large-signal SNR at the output of an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) or optical parametric oscillator (OPO) can exceed the shot-noise limit when an injected signal beam is used to elicit small-signal gain saturation. Although no small-signal SNR gain is obtained in this way, the large-signal SNR improvement does translate into a communication performance improvement if binary phase-shift keying is applied to the resulting output beam. Analysis has also shown that the large-signal, shot-noise limited SNR can be exceeded when a binary phase-shift keyed coherent-state beam is applied to a preamplify-feedforward-homodyne receiver. In this case, however, there is no communication performance improvement. Indeed, the preamplify-feed-forward-homodyne receiver requires twice as many signal photons, on average, to equal the error probability of ordinary homodyne detection. In this talk we will show that there is no contradiction between these two examples.
The influence of pump phase error on phase-sensitive optical amplifier (PSA) repeaters and the waveform degradation due to chromatic dispersion and fiber nonlinearities in the optical multi-relay transmission of quadrature phase-shift keying phase-conjugated twin waves are considered theoretically. First, the influence of noise from the pump phase error, optical local oscillator, receiver, and the amplified spontaneous-emission (ASE) in PSA repeaters is investigated with the assumption that transmission fibers are linear lossy channels. The bit-error rate (BER) is estimated as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio, and the relationship between the number of transmission relays and the fiber launch power is clarified. Waveform degradation due to chromatic dispersion and the optical fiber nonlinearities in transmission fibers are investigated with the noiseless condition, and the maximum repeatable number as a function of the fiber launch power is calculated. Finally, we show the relationship among the maximum repeatable number, standard deviation of pump phase error in PSA repeaters, and the fiber launch power to clarify the optimum transmission condition with consideration of the noise and the waveform degradation.
Frequency nondegenerate phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) have the potential to realize broadband and noiseless amplification. However, the rigorous requirement of phase- and wavelength-locking of the input waves has significantly hampered their progress. In this paper, we review recent research on this type of optical amplifier. This work is based on a copier-PSA scheme, which consists of a parametric phase-insensitive copier followed by one or more PSAs. Broadband gain and noise performance of a fiber-based nondegenerate PSA has been characterized, both theoretically and experimentally. A record-low 1.1 dB noise figure was measured at >;26 dB gain, and a clear phase dependent gain was observed. Moreover, potential applications including phase noise squeezing and ultralow noise, multichannel and modulation-format-transparent linear amplification with up to 6 dB link noise figure advantage over conventional EDFA-amplified links have been experimentally demonstrated. The prospects and practical challenges of this intriguing amplification technology are also discussed.